
Suicide cases in Indonesia often happened recently , such as a drug addict who blew his brains out under the influence of drugs, a housewife committed suicide because she still hadn’t got pregnant after 15 years of marriage, and even a psychology student committed suicide too by jumping from seventh floor of trade center. I have also observed that suicide attempts by young housewives as a response of house hold problems frequently reported in our country lately.
Suicide is not the major cause of death in Indonesia, even less than suicidal cases in United States which overall, suicide is the 11th leading cause of death for all Americans (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2002), also was the 3rd most common cause of death among adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15 and 34 years (National Vital Statistics Reports, 2005) and 80% of suicide deaths are among men [7].
Honestly, I find difficulty to get many data about suicide in Indonesia, maybe because studies related to suicide in Indonesia are seldom conducted, or even because suicide isn’t the current primary problem. However, from www.suaramerdeka.com [10], there is a raising number of suicide cases since 2002 (19 people) until 2006 (becomes 114 people) with the age range 20-50 years consisting of unemployment as the largest number, and the others are students, official employees, domestic servants, and laborers. It won’t stop there because without any intervention, there will be more and more cases in the next years considering amount of Indonesia unemployment in 2006 is 1.5 million[10].
Nevertheless I choose this topic to be reviewed here because my own curiosity about suicide in the light of seeing some people committed suicide and have suicidal thought, including people around me. As far as I know, suicide is also rarely researched or deeply discussed, even during I was still in a college. So…simply question emerged on my mind, Why??
From some researches concerning suicide, it can be concluded that the main risk factors for suicide death are mood disorders or depression were most frequent, followed by substance-related disorders (American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2005[4]; The Office of Aplied Study, 2006[8]). Lesage and his colleagues [9] found that among young men, suicide is linked to the following mental disorders: major depression, borderline personality disorder, and substance abuse. For detail, I’ve attached about Mental Disorders in Cases of Suicide in Young in this table [4]:

In US, When research were done among adults aged 18 or older who experienced a past year major depressive episode (MDE), 56.3 percent thought, during their worst or most recent episode, that it would be better if they were dead, 40.3 percent thought about committing suicide, 14.5 percent made a suicide plan, and 10.4 percent made a suicide attempt. Then, adults with a past year MDE who reported past month binge alcohol or illicit drug use were more likely to report suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts than their counterparts with a past year MDE who had not engaged in past month binge drinking or illicit drug use [8]. Whereas, survey of United Nation Office On Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2007 noted that there are 3.2 million people in Indonesia (1.5% of population) abuses substance [11]. Research of Badan Narkotika Nasional cooperated with University of Indonesia [11] also results that 5.8% substance abuser are 15-25 years old, which is something that should be concerned about!

*most of the day, nearly every day and can be either subjective account or observation made by others .
Note : criteria above are based on DSM IV [1].
Identifying and understanding about the cause or risk factors of suicide is the first step in preventing suicide. Besides mental health issues (depression, low self-esteem, and feeling of hopelessness) and substance abuse, research also has identified the others following risk factors for suicide (United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) 1999) [6]:
- Family or caretaker history of mental health problems, including alcoholism, drug abuse, or depression; family or caretaker history of suicide; family or caretaker history of child maltreatment
- Impulsive or aggressive tendencies
- Barriers to accessing mental health treatment
- Recent severe stressor; loss (relational, social, work, or financial)
- Physical illness
- Easy access to lethal methods
- Unwillingness to seek help because of the stigma attached to mental health and substance abuse disorders or suicidal thoughts
- Cultural and religious beliefs—for instance, the belief that suicide is a noble resolution of a personal dilemma
- Isolation, a feeling of being cut off from other people
If we look more specific at family factor, study by Adam et al. [9] found that suicidal youth reported lower care and higher over-protection in relation to their mothers than their non-suicidal peers. Then Labrèche-Gauthier, and Leduc [11] also examined the relationship between parent-child relationships and suicide ideation in French Canadian youth. They found that suicide ideation in adolescent males and females were associated with a parenting style that was characterized by high control, in combination with a lack of sufficient maternal and paternal social support.
The psychopathology of suicide
We have detected from some research about suicide above that mental disorder such as mood disorder and personality disorder as the risk factors or suicide. Then I have discovered a deep and so psychoanalyzed explanation about the root of suicide[11]. It was noted that depression is just the consequence of the motive behind that involve consciousness and unconsciousness concept. Maybe it wil be a bit difficult for the readers who aren’t familiar with psychoanalytical jargon, but I think the analysis of suicide is interesting and sharp enough.
Frascarie, et al. [11] also stated that the suicidal individual always plays the role of the victim, seeing himself as rejected by others and persecuted by them (paranoia). He thinks that the others are the aggressive ones and feels wronged and hurt, because he thinks of himself as being good and perfect (theomania). Contrary to what we are used to thinking, loneliness, shyness, lack of friends and lack of money are not the causes of suicide. The true problem lies in the rejection of affection (true feeling). Loneliness is one of the consequences of this attitude. The suicidal is very arrogant (megalomaniac); he will not humble himself, he will not adjust himself to reality, he expects reality to adjust itself to him; he also cannot stand frustration, because he wants everything to be the way he thinks it should be (fantasy). He does not perceive that the world is different from what he believes it to be, for he distorts the perception of reality (out of envy). This is the reason why all suicidal individuals become deeply depressed, anguished and in despair, because they reject this consciousness [11].
The suicidal individual does nothing to keep his links with life, on the contrary he only works against it; he wants, however, to obtain the same results as the person who is constantly working with reality. Thus the suicidal individual does not want to perceive the consequences that these attitudes have and he nourishes the idea that he may do whatever he pleases without suffering any consequences. The cause of the problem lies in the use of the individual’s will, which serves to separate him from affection. As a consequence, he stops working and turns aggressive, thus becoming useless and undesirable to society. We all keep away from unpleasant people, people who reject affection, and the same manner that society keeps criminals and psychopathic individuals in isolation. The turning away from reality, from affection, is the true root of suicide[11].
But Frascarie, et al. [11] didn’t mention substance abuse case in the analysis, so I think it hasn’t been clear yet whether this theory also fully works for it or not. But I assume there will be some differences in theory about the psychopathology of suicide of substance abuser in the light of substance using itself have given effects to individual’s physiological also psychological condition.
After we know about the risk factors of suicide from general researches and specific analysis from Frascarie, et al.[11] , then what can we do to prevent and overcome suicide?
There are protective factors buffer people from the risks associated with suicide (DHHS 1999, NAHO 2001[6]) which I compressed to some points bellow*:
- Family and community support
- Sense of belonging; positive self-esteem
- Skills in problem solving, conflict resolution, and non-violent handling of disputes
- Cultural and religious beliefs that discourage suicide and support self-preservation instincts
- Good school performance; positive attitude toward school
- Good physical and mental health
- Easy access to a variety of medical and clinical interventions
*Since I focused my review on the risk factors of suicide, so I will review more detail about the protective factors on next time.

Suggested Readings:
[1] American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4rd ed.), Text Revision. Washington, DC: Author.
[2] Anderson, R. N., & Smith, B. L. (2005). Deaths: Leading causes for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports, 53(17), 1-89. [Available as a PDF at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_17.pdf]
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control [Producer]. (2006, January 30). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS): Leading causes of death reports, 1999-2003. Retrieved June 19, 2006, from http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html
[4] Fleischmann, A., Bertolote, J.M., Belfer, Myron., Beautrais, A. (2005). Completed Suicide and Psychiatric Diagnoses in Young People: A Critical Examination of the Evidence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 676–683.
[5] Frascarie A., Tavella A., De Almeida, E.M.R., Obelenis L., Bull, M.R., Hatch, M.I.D., Dos Santos, V.L.F., Luis, M. International Society of Analytical Trilogy [producer]. (January 24, 2002). The Roots of Suicide. Retrieved June 2, 2009. [Available as a PDF at http://www.analyticaltrilogy.com/pdfTheRootsOfSuicide.pdf]
[6] Newfoundland & Labrador Centre for Health Information [producer].(2004, November). Attempted Suicide Among Adolescents. Retrieved June 2, 2009, [Available as a PDF at http://www.nlchi.nl.ca/pdf/attemptedsuicide_fastfacts_nov04.pdf]]
[7] Research!America [producer]. (December 18, 2006). Investment in Research Save Lives and Money #21: Facts about Suicide. Retrieved June 2, 2009 [Available as a PDF at http://www.researchamerica.org/resource_library/topic:5/type:0]
[8] U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration [producer]. (2004). Office of Applied Study (The OAS Report), issue 34 : Suicidal Thoughts, Suicide Attempts, Major Depressive Episode, and Substance Use among Adults. Retrieved June 2, 2009, [Available as a PDF at http://www.samhsa.gov/2k6/suicide/suicide.htm]
[9] White, Jennifer. (2003). Suicide-Related Research in Canada: A Descriptive Overview A background paper prepared for the Workshop on Suicide Related Research. Centre for Suicide Prevention, Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide and Euthanasia. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
[10] Riadi, Doni. (2007). Mengapa harus bunuh diri?. Retrieved June 2, 2009, from http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0707/03/opi04.htm
[11] Harian Berita Sore (producer). (May 9, 2007). Penduduk Indonesia Pengguna Narkoba. Retrieved June 2, 2009, from http://www.berita sore.com/2007/05/09/32-juta-penduduk-indonesia-pengguna-narkoba/