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	<title>Psychology Corner</title>
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		<title>Psychology Corner</title>
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		<title>Love (Cinta)</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/08/07/love-cinta/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2009 16:35:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Love Relationship]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Apakah &#8216;Cinta&#8217;? Telah banyak teori yang mencoba untuk mendefinisikan cinta, namun kali ini saya akan membahas teori cinta dari Sternberg yang dikenal dengan The Triangular Theory of Love. Menurut Sternberg, cinta dapat dimengerti dengan menguraikannya menjadi tiga komponen yaitu commitment, passion, dan intimacy. Commitment : komitmen terdiri dari komitmen jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Komitmen [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=464&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-465" title="love-" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/love.jpg?w=477&#038;h=318" alt="love-" width="477" height="318" /></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong>Apakah &#8216;Cinta&#8217;?</strong></span></p>
<p>Telah banyak teori yang mencoba untuk mendefinisikan cinta, namun kali ini saya akan membahas teori cinta dari Sternberg yang dikenal dengan <em>The Triangular Theory of Love</em>. Menurut Sternberg, cinta dapat dimengerti dengan menguraikannya menjadi tiga komponen yaitu <em>commitment, passion</em>, dan <em>intimacy</em>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>Commitment</em></strong> : komitmen terdiri dari komitmen jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Komitmen jangka pendek adalah komitmen untuk mencintai seseorang, sementara komitmen jangka panjang adalah kesediaan untuk mempertahankan cinta tersebut. Dua jenis komitmen ini tidak selalu berjalan beriringan dalam sebuah hubungan cinta. Adakalanya keputusan untuk mencintai tidak diikuti oleh komitmen untuk mempertahankan cinta tersebut. Dan ada pula individu yang mempertahankan hubungan cinta meskipun tidak ada lagi rasa cinta di dalamnya.</li>
<li><strong><em>Passion</em></strong> : dorongan yang mengarah pada hal-hal romantis, ketertarikan fisik, aktivitas seksual dan gairah dalam menikmati suatu hubungan cinta.</li>
<li><strong><em>Intimacy</em></strong> : suatu perasaan akrab atau dekat serta terikat secara emosional.</li>
</ul>
<p>Ketiga komponen di atas dapat saja hadir dalam suatu cinta, namun ada pula hanya satu atau dua komponen yang membentuk suatu cinta. Kombinasi dari komponen-komponen yang ada dalam suatu cinta menentukan bagaimana individu mencintai pasangannya. Sternberg menyebutkan bahwa terdapat tujuh kombinasi cinta yang mungkin dihasilkan dari ketiga komponen cinta tersebut seperti terlihat dalam gambar di bawah ini :</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-466" title="Triangular_Theory_of_Love_Image" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/triangular_theory_of_love_image.jpg?w=477" alt="Triangular_Theory_of_Love_Image"   /></p>
<p><strong><em>Liking</em></strong> adalah hasil dari komponen intimacy saja tanpa <em>passion</em> maupun <em>commitment</em>. Dalam <em>liking</em> ada perasaan dekat, terikat secara emosional, dan adanya kehangatan dalam hubungan namun tanpa gairah yang besar dan komitmen jangka panjang. Apabila hanya komponen <em>passion</em> saja yang ada, maka cinta itu disebut dengan <strong><em>infatuation</em></strong>. Ini adalah jenis cinta pada pandangan pertama atau cinta yang mengandung obsesi dan idealisasi terhadap pasangannya. Ada dua masalah yang biasanya muncul dalam cinta ini, yang pertama adalah individu sebenarnya mencintai seseorang yang diidealkan, bukan yang sesuai dengan kenyataan yang ada. Dengan demikian jenis cinta ini akan menimbulkan frustasi saat menyadari bahwa pasangannya bukanlah seseorang yang selama ini ia idealkan. Masalah kedua adalah jenis cinta ini cenderung menjadi obsesif dan melelahkan serta menghabiskan waktu dan energi. Jenis cinta ini juga mengakibatkan subjek yang dicintai merasa tidak nyaman karena ia menyadari bahwa cinta tersebut lebih merupakan suatu proyeksi dari kebutuhan pasangannya namun dirinya tidak merasa diterima dan dicintai apa adanya.</p>
<p>Selanjutnya ada yang disebut sebagai <strong><em>empty love</em></strong>, yaitu jenis cinta yang hanya mengandung <em>commitment</em>. Jenis cinta ini dihasilkan oleh individu yang memutuskan untuk menjalin hubungan walaupun tidak ada <em>passion</em> dan <em>intimacy</em>. Biasanya jenis cinta ini hadir pada hubungan yang dilakukan atas dasar perjodohan dan hubungan yang berlandaskan rasa tanggung jawab atau hutang budi terhadap orang lain. Sekalipun demikian, hubungan cinta seperti ini dapat saja menjadi awal berkembangnya komponen cinta yang lain yakni <em>intimacy</em> dan <em>passion</em>.</p>
<p>Pada <strong><em>romantic love</em></strong>, terdapat kombinasi antara <em>intimacy</em> dan <em>passion</em>. Individu dekat secara fisik dan emosional dengan pasangan tetapi mengabaikan komitmen. Sementara jika komponen <em>intimacy</em> dan <em>commitment</em> yang membentuk cinta, perpaduan tersebut akan menghasilkan <strong><em>companionate love</em></strong>. Biasanya jenis cinta ini dialami oleh pasangan yang telah menikah dalam waktu yang lama dimana ketertarikan fisik (<em>passion</em>) sudah berkurang.</p>
<p>Dalam<em> <strong>fatuous love</strong></em>, komponen yang ada adalah <em>passion</em> dan <em>commitment</em>, dimana cinta berkembang dalam waktu singkat setelah adanya suatu ketertarikan fisik satu sama lain dan segera dilanjutkan dengan komitmen tanpa terlebih dahulu ada kesempatan untuk mengembangkan intimacy lebih jauh. Cinta ini dapat terjadi pada pasangan yang berhubungan jarak jauh setelah menikah karena pekerjaan, sementara waktu untuk bersama sangat terbatas.</p>
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-469 alignleft" title="chem love" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/chem-love.jpg?w=477" alt="chem love"   />Terakhir yaitu cinta yang diisi oleh ketiga komponen cinta yang disebut sebagai <strong><em>consummate lov</em>e</strong>. Jenis cinta inilah yang disebut Sternberg sebagai &#8216;cinta yang lengkap&#8217;. Inilah jenis cinta yang selama ini diinginkan dan diusahakan oleh banyak orang namun tidak mudah untuk membangunnya. Menurut Sternberg, bukan hanya untuk mencapai jenis cinta ini yang sulit, namun mempertahankannya pun juga sulit.</p>
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		<slash:comments>5</slash:comments>
	
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			<media:title type="html">love-</media:title>
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		<title>Grateful For Today</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/08/06/grateful-for-today/</link>
		<comments>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/08/06/grateful-for-today/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2009 13:02:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Self-Help]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Review]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Setiap manusia pasti menginginkan kebahagiaan dalam hidup. Salah satu cara yang paling murah, mudah, dan tepat adalah dengan bersyukur atas apa yang telah terjadi dalam hidup kita. Kita telah mengetahui apa dan bagaimana cara bersyukur, namun kita sering lupa untuk melakukannya. Perasaan-perasaan negatif yang muncul karena berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi dalam hidup seperti rasa sedih, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=453&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-454" title="grateful" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/dscn0381_0001.jpg?w=477" alt="grateful"   /></p>
<p>Setiap manusia pasti menginginkan kebahagiaan dalam hidup. Salah satu cara yang paling murah, mudah, dan tepat adalah dengan bersyukur atas apa yang telah terjadi dalam hidup kita. Kita telah mengetahui apa dan bagaimana cara bersyukur, namun kita sering lupa untuk melakukannya.</p>
<p>Perasaan-perasaan negatif yang muncul karena berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi dalam hidup seperti rasa sedih, marah, kesal, iri, cemburu, dendam, dan lain sebagainya sering menghambat kita untuk bersyukur dan mengingat hal-hal positif yang telah kita dapatkan. Tetapi bukan berarti kita tidak boleh merasakan perasaan-perasaan negatif tersebut. Kita berhak dan terkadang sulit untuk tidak merasakannya, namun kita tidak boleh membiarkan perasaan-perasaan negatif terus membuat kita terbelenggu dalam keadaan sakit hati, cemas, frustasi, atau depresi yang kemudian justru membuat kita sulit untuk mengembangkan diri dan menjalani hubungan sosial yang menyenangkan dengan orang lain. Ketika kita merasa berbagai beban hidup menantang kita untuk menjadi lebih kuat secara fisik, mental, emosional, dan spiritual maka bersyukur adalah salah satu hal yang dapat merubah penderitaan menjadi kebahagiaan.</p>
<p>Salah satu penyebab kita mengalami kesulitan untuk merasakan perasaan tenang dan damai dalam kehidupan adalah karena kita sering melewatkan hari-hari tanpa memaknainya secara positif. Terkadang kita terlalu menghabiskan energi, pikiran, dan perasaan untuk mencemaskan hal-hal yang terjadi di masa depan atau menyesali apa yang telah terjadi di masa lalu. Anda bisa mulai untuk menghargai setiap pengalaman, baik yang menyenangkan maupun menyakitkan sebagai sebuah pembelajaran dalam hidup dan mencintai hidup anda sebagai sebuah anugerah yang memang tidak selalu berisi hal-hal yang mudah, tetapi juga cobaan yang terasa sangat menyulitkan. Semakin kita terlalu sering melihat apa yang masih kurang dan masih harus diperbaiki dalam hidup, maka hal itu akan semakin menghambat kita untuk melihat apa yang telah ada di depan mata.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em><strong>Grateful Persons</strong></em></span></p>
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-457 alignleft" title="gratitude" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/gratitude-rainbowspiral1.jpg?w=477" alt="gratitude"   />Menurut McCullough, ciri kepribadian yang penuh rasa syukur menandakan kesehatan mental individu dimana individu yang senantiasa bersyukur akan menunjukkan tingkat stres dan depresi yang rendah. Park  juga menambahkan bahwa bersyukur dapat mengarahkan seseorang pada kepuasan hidup dan kebahagiaan tanpa memandang kondisi demografis individu. Individu yang penuh rasa syukur cenderung terlihat lebih bahagia, murah hati, pemaaf, tidak iri, serta tidak materialistik (McCullough, 2004).</p>
<p>Selain itu individu yang senantiasa bersyukur akan menyadari bahwa bagaimanapun lingkungan telah banyak membantunya dan/atau Tuhan telah banyak memberinya anugerah. Ia juga memiliki kesadaran untuk membantu sesamanya dan/atau menjalankan hal-hal baik yang diperintahkan oleh Tuhan.</p>
<p>Bersyukur bukan hanya dapat dirasakan oleh orang yang sukses secara materiil meskipun kesuksesan tersebut memang dapat meningkatkan rasa syukur. Menurut Lyubomirsky, peristiwa baik dapat menciptakan rasa syukur, namun sifatnya hanya sementara dan tidak menjamin dapat menciptakan rasa syukur yang berjangka panjang karena individu cenderung akan beradaptasi dengan suatu kesuksesan atau keberhasilan. Selain itu rasa senang yang ditimbulkan oleh suatu peristiwa baik cenderung akan cepat hilang seiring dengan waktu. Tetapi ciri kepribadian yang penuh rasa syukur cenderung menetap dan tidak tergantung pada peristiwa yang baik. Dalam situasi burukpun, individu dengan ciri kepribadian penuh rasa syukur tetap dapat menemukan hal-hal yang dapat ia syukuri.</p>
<p>Hargailah hidup anda dengan hal-hal kecil seperti bersyukur atas tersedianya air dan cahaya, lengkapnya indera, ataupun makanan yang masih kita dapatkan untuk menutupi rasa lapar. Bersyukurlah atas tubuh kita yang masih sehat, orang tua kita yang masih hidup, atau sahabat yang selalu ada untuk kita. Pastinya masih banyak lagi hal-hal lain dalam hidup kita masing-masing yang dapat kita syukuri. Berikan waktu sesaat kepada diri anda sendiri untuk menarik napas dan mengevaluasi apa saja yang telah anda dapatkan hari ini sebanyak mungkin tanpa memikirkan kesalahan, kegagalan, nasib buruk, ataupun hal mengecewakan dan menyedihkan lainnya. Maka kebahagiaan itu dapat kita rasakan di setiap harinya.</p>
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		<title>Stigmatisasi Terhadap Pecandu Narkoba</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/stigmatisasi-terhadap-pecandu-narkoba/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2009 14:05:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Drug Addiction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Family]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Review]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Koordinator Satgas I Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN) KBP, H Thamrin Dahlan mengatakan bahwa sebanyak 51 ribu pecandu narkoba meninggal per tahun. Apabila dirata-ratakan ada 41 orang pecandu yang meninggal per hari, dan hampir dua orang meninggal per jamnya. Menurut Thamrin, sebagian besar korban penyalahgunaan narkoba itu meninggal bukan di lokasi fasilitas terapi dan rehabilitasi, melainkan [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=400&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-401" title="drug-addicts" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/drug-addicts-maldives.jpg?w=477" alt="drug-addicts"   /></p>
<p><em>Koordinator Satgas I Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN) KBP, H Thamrin Dahlan mengatakan bahwa sebanyak 51 ribu pecandu narkoba meninggal per tahun. Apabila dirata-ratakan ada 41 orang pecandu yang meninggal per hari, dan hampir dua orang meninggal per jamnya. Menurut Thamrin, sebagian besar korban penyalahgunaan narkoba itu meninggal bukan di lokasi fasilitas terapi dan rehabilitasi, melainkan di jalan dan tempat hiburan. Sementara itu, jenis narkoba yang dominan dipakai pecandu adalah heroin. Banyaknya korban penyalahgunaan narkoba tersebut karena stigma korban takut berobat ke fasilitas terapi dan rehabilitasi <a href="http://www.tvone.co.id/berita/view/13425/2009/05/07/sebanyak_51_ribu_pecandu_narkoba_meninggal_per_tahun">(http://www.tvone.co.id)</a></em><em> </em></p>
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<p>Stigma adalah hal yang paling kejam diterima oleh individu, termasuk pecandu narkoba. Stigma inilah yang membuat pecandu narkoba dan keluarganya menjadi semakin sulit untuk mendapatkan bantuan dan dukungan yang mereka butuhkan. Stigma yang memojokkan para pecandu narkoba dan keluarganya sangat kuat berakar sehingga stigma tersebut terus berlanjut meskipun pecandu narkoba telah berhenti menggunakan narkoba selama sekian tahun atau memiliki kehidupan yang sukses seperti orang lain yang tidak pernah menggunakan narkoba.</p>
<p>Stigma tersebut kemudian membuat pecandu dan keluarganya menyembunyikan permasalahan kecanduan narkoba yang mereka alami. Diskriminasi terasa sangat menyakitkan karena mereka seolah-olah dibedakan dari orang lain yang dianggap “normal”. Pecandu ataupun keluarga yang membutuhkan bantuan akan permasalahan mereka kemudian menjadi malu atau takut untuk mengungkapkan kenyataan yang ada.</p>
<p>Keluarga terutama orang tua bahkan lebih sering mengambil keputusan untuk menyembunyikan permasalahan adiksi anaknya dan menganggapnya sebagai hal yang lebih baik untuk dilakukan dibandingkan kehilangan nama baik keluarga. Menyembunyikan kenyataan tersebut membuat permasalahan baru bagi pecandu narkoba dan keluarga  dimana disfungsi dalam keluarga akhirnya muncul <sub>[4]</sub>. Rasa bersalah ditambah dengan tidak adanya langkah menuju pemulihan lebih lanjut akibat takut menghadapi stigma membuat  pecandu narkoba dan keluarga semakin tenggelam dalam permasalahannya.</p>
<p><em>&#8220;Recovery is one of the best kept secrets in the country,&#8221; says Texas recovery advocate Joe Powell, a leader of Faces &amp; Voices and head of a recovery center </em><em><sub>[4]</sub></em><em>. &#8220;Most people don&#8217;t know who&#8217;s in recovery. And we gotta speak loud about that.&#8221;</em></p>
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<p>Seringkali saya sendiri juga mendapatkan para orangtua di Indonesia yang takut dengan stigma dari masyarakat dan akhirnya menyembunyikan kenyataan bahwa anaknya sedang menjalani pemulihan di sebuah rehabilitasi narkoba dengan berbohong mengatakan si pecandu sedang belajar atau bekerja di luar kota atau luar negeri. Permasalahan yang dihadapi seorang pecandu narkoba dan keluarganya bukan hanya sebatas pada program pemulihan di rehabilitasi, karena ketika seorang pecandu keluar dari rehabilitasi, maka ia harus menghadapi respon dari lingkungannya dan berharap akan mendapatkan dukungan, bukan penolakan. Namun tidak sedikit pecandu narkoba yang telah pulih dan kembali ke masyarakat merasa rendah diri dan tidak nyaman karena berbagai stigma yang ditujukan pada dirinya, bahkan dari keluarga besarnya sendiri. Tanpa disadari hal ini membuat pecandu narkoba menjadi sulit untuk mendapatkan dukungan dan penerimaan dari orang lain serta diliputi rasa bersalah dan malu akan keadaannya. Apakah ini berdampak buruk bagi pemulihan pecandu tersebut? Ya. Stigma dari lingkungan dapat membuat pecandu menstigma dirinya sendiri dengan menganggap bahwa hal-hal negatif yang dilabelkan kepada dirinya sebagai suatu kenyataan. Ini dapat menimbulkan perasaan frustasi, putus asa, dan akhirnya pecandu kembali melarikan diri ke narkoba.</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-414" title="gp" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/gp.jpg?w=477&#038;h=286" alt="gp" width="477" height="286" /></p>
<p>Sementara itu, dari survey yang dilakukan oleh Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), yang merupakan cabang dari U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<em><sub>[1]</sub></em>, menunjukkan bahwa sikap masyarakat Amerika terhadap adiksi dan pemulihan dari narkoba masih negatif. Hanya 60% masyarakat Amerika yang merasa nyaman untuk tinggal bersebelahan dengan seseorang yang sedang menjalani pemulihan dari kecanduan alkohol. Sementara hanya kurang dari setengah responden yang menyatakan bahwa mereka akan merasa nyaman untuk tinggal bersebelahan dengan seseorang yang sedang menjalani pemulihan dari kecanduan obat-obatan terlarang. Untuk selengkapnya, dapat dilihat lebih lanjut pada diagram di bawah ini :</p>
<p><strong><em>Prosentase Kenyamanan Responden Terhadap Pecandu yang Sedang Menjalani Pemulihan dari Penyalahgunaan Alkohol dan Obat-obatan Terlarang</em></strong></p>
<p><em><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-402" title="stigma" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/stigma.jpg?w=477&#038;h=277" alt="stigma" width="477" height="277" /></em></p>
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<p>Stigma dapat menghancurkan kehidupan pecandu narkoba maupun seluruh anggota keluarganya. Namun jika kesadaran masyarakat mengenai stigma ini menjadi semakin lebih baik, maka hal itu akan sangat menyelamatkan kehidupan pecandu narkoba dan keluarganya. Masyarakat hendaknya justru memberikan dukungan dengan mendorong mereka untuk segera menjalani pemulihan di rehabilitasi dan membantu mengembalikan kondisi mental mereka ketika kembali ke masyarakat, karena selama ini ketakutan akan mendapatkan label negatif dan konsekuensi-konsekuensi lain dari masyarakat (termasuk lingkungan pekerjaan) membuat pecandu narkoba dan keluarga menjadi ragu untuk melakukan solusi yang efektif dan efisien serta hanya berkutat dengan penyangkalan-penyangkalan yang justru semakin memperburuk keadaan.</p>
<p><strong><em>Try to Touch Addicts’ Shattered Dream</em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><em>Many addicts claim that before they entered the drug-scene, they thought of it as a realm of freedom, peace and the absence of convention. </em></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><em>The core of the rationalization of addict’s way of life and the drug abuse is : </em></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><em>“Drugs are the only way of living in the society without going mad.”</em></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><em>It contains the unique characteristics of an addict : </em></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><em>He craves for freedom to pursue a destiny different from what he is allotted with. But he chooses the shortest route to catch his dream without put his heart into it.</em></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><em>And here lies the tragedy of his intelligence and human potentials because by his action he not only denies others right but his own right to life as well. We consider addiction as a disease and the addict as a patient. Nobody is a born-addict he becomes an addict. And the society does have its own share of responsibility to make him one. So reflect back of our own self is necessary because </em><em>“Not only what he chooses, but what he rejects is very important.”</em></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><em>We must realize the enormous human resource that is being misused in the trap of drug business. An addict is a helpless victim who needs our care and support to join the main stream of life from the mirth of crime and self-destruction.</em></span></strong></p>
<p>Dikutip dari : <em>Drug is Dragon Not The Addict : An insight into the personality of an addict. (Desember, 2008). Navjyoti Drug Demand Reduction Training Institute : Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation.</em></p>
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<p><strong>Daftar Pustaka :</strong></p>
<p>[1] Hanson, Dirk.  <em>Addiction : The Stigma Lives On.</em> Oktober 2008. Addiction Inbox , The Science of Substance Abuse, Articles and Health Studies About Addiction and Alcoholism including The Most Recent Scientific and Medical Findings. Diakses pada tanggal 14 Juli 2009 di <a href="http://addiction/">http://addiction</a> dirkh.blogspot.com/2008/10/addiction-stigma-lives-on.html</p>
<p>[2] Harian Umum Pelita Persatuan Umat dan Kesatuan Bangsa (produser). <em>Stigma Negatif, Musuh Para Mantan Pecandu Narkoba.</em><strong> </strong>2003.<strong> </strong>Diakses pada tanggal 14 Juli 2009 di <a href="http://www.pelita.or.id/baca.php?id=41391">http://www.pelita.or.id/baca.php?id=41391</a></p>
<p>[3] <em>Kabar Nasional, Sebanyak 51 Ribu Pecandu Narkoba Meninggal per Tahun</em>. Mei 2009. Diakses pada tanggal 14 Juli 2009 di <a href="http://www.tvone.co.id/berita/view/13425/2009/05/07/sebanyak_51_ribu_pecandu_narkoba_meninggal_per_tahun">http://www.tvone.co.id/berita/view/13425/2009/05/07/sebanyak_51_ribu_pecandu_narkoba_meninggal_per_tahun</a></p>
<p>[4] Rosenbloom, D.L. (2009). Stigma and Discrimination : <em>Coping With The Stigma of Addiction</em>. HBO : Addiction.</p>
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		<title>Save Papua</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/save-papua/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2009 11:33:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[HIV-AIDS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Review]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Seorang perempuan yang berasal dari Nabire, Papua (sebut saja Yvone) mengeluhkan suatu hal kepada saya. Ia menceritakan bahwa di Nabire, penyampaian informasi dan pelayanan kesehatan dalam menangani HIV&#38;AIDS masih sangat minim, bahkan bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi di Jayapura-Papua yang sebenarnya juga masih perlu penanganan lebih maksimal.  Suatu hari ketika Yvone mengantarkan temannya yang terinfeksi HIV [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=328&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-338" title="papua" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/papua1.jpg?w=477" alt="papua"   /><em>Seorang perempuan yang berasal dari Nabire, Papua (sebut saja Yvone) mengeluhkan suatu hal kepada saya. Ia menceritakan bahwa di Nabire, penyampaian informasi dan pelayanan kesehatan dalam menangani HIV&amp;AIDS masih sangat minim, bahkan bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi di Jayapura-Papua yang sebenarnya juga masih perlu penanganan lebih maksimal.  Suatu hari ketika Yvone mengantarkan temannya </em><em>yang terinfeksi HIV </em><em>untuk berobat ke salah satu puskesmas di Nabire, ia menyaksikan betapa buruknya pelayanan dari pihak Puskesmas, dimana dokter dianggapnya kurang bersikap proaktif dan memperlakukan pasien dengan kurang bertanggung jawab. Teman Yvone (dan juga mayoritas masyarakat Nabire, Papua yang memang tidak mengetahui dan memahami mengenai HIV&amp;AIDS) mendapatkan obat ARV (Antiretroviral) tanpa mendapatkan informasi apapun termasuk jam minum obat! Ironisnya pasien dibiarkan menunggu dalam waktu yang lama dan selama itu diminta membaca sendiri mengenai HIV&amp;AIDS dalam sebuah buku yang tertulis dalam Bahasa Inggris yang bahkan tidak dimengerti oleh pasien tersebut! Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pelayanan kesehatan di wilayah tersebut masih sangat memprihatinkan, termasuk kapasitas sumber daya manusianya, yaitu tenaga medis. Itu hanya satu kasus di satu wilayah yang terungkap. Namun pasti masih banyak lagi kasus lain di wilayah yang lain pula yang membutuhkan penanganan serius dari pemerintah dan pihak-pihak terkait.</em></p>
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<p style="text-align:left;"><img class="size-full wp-image-331 alignleft" title="hubungan seks pertama" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/hubungan-seks-pertama1.jpg?w=477" alt="hubungan seks pertama"   />Bagi masyarakat Papua, perubahan sosial dan budaya yang ada saat ini merupakan tantangan terhadap penerapan perilaku seksual yang sehat karena modernisasi telah mendorong lebih banyak masyarakat Papua untuk mencari uang atau benda berharga dengan alat tukar berupa seks<sub>[1]</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Selain itu, salah satu dampak modernisasi yang lain adalah adanya penurunan usia remaja pertama kali berhubungan seks menjadi lebih muda dari sebelumnya seperti terlihat dalam diagram di atas.</p>
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<p style="text-align:left;">Di Tanah Papua telah terjadi penyebaran HIV melalui hubungan seksual beresiko pada masyarakat umum (<em>generalized epidemic</em>). Berdasarkan data dari Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Kota Jayapura, hingga 31 Maret 2009, telah terdapat 4745 orang di Papua yang mengidap HIV&amp;AIDS (Mimika 1874; Merauke 1028; Nabire 607; Biak 399; Kabupaten Jayapura 298; Kota Jayapura 231). Seperti gunung es, jumlah tersebut hanya yang nampak di permukaan. Tentu saja dalam kenyataannya, masih banyak lagi kasus-kasus HIV&amp;AIDS di Papua yang tidak tercatat oleh pendataan. Modernisasi yang tidak disertai dengan informasi yang mencukupi mengenai HIV&amp;AIDS dapat menjadi pemicu dari keadaan tersebut. Modernisasi yang terjadi di Papua menyebabkan bergesernya nilai-nilai yang dipegang oleh generasi muda Papua.</p>
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<p style="text-align:left;"><img class="size-full wp-image-382 alignleft" title="pesta seks" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pesta-seks5.jpg?w=477" alt="pesta seks"   />Menurut hasil penelitian Butt, dkk<sub>[1]</sub>, 20-25% dari populasi kaum muda Papua berusia 16-29 tahun telah mengkonsumsi minuman keras, melakukan hubungan seksual, melakukan hubungan seks dengan beberapa pasangan, serta melakukan hubungan seks yang beresiko (pesta seks<em>/secret sex</em>).</p>
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<p style="text-align:left;">Prostitusi berupa pekerja seks jalanan di Papua juga menjadi hal yang mendapat perhatian khusus. Ironisnya, jika dibandingkan dengan pekerja seks asal daerah lain di luar Papua  yang bekerja di Papua, pekerja seks jalanan beretnis Papua mendapatkan upah yang cenderung lebih rendah sementara mereka justru terlibat dalam prostitusi yang paling tidak aman<sub>[1]</sub>. Hal itu dapat terjadi karena mereka tidak terorganisir dalam suatu lokalisasi dan cenderung melakukan hubungan seks dengan pelanggannya di tempat terbuka (misalnya di gang-gang sempit atau bahkan di balik semak-semak pinggir jalan). Menurut cerita dari salah satu pekerja seks jalanan yang saya kenal, ia bahkan rela melakukan hubungan seks dengan pelanggannya sekalipun hanya dibayar dengan nasi bungkus. Sementara itu, waria papua melayani pelanggan dengan melakukan seks oral dan anal yang dapat menjadi jalur masuk HIV.</p>
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<p style="text-align:left;"><em>Berthalina* (not her real name), a mother of four children, was born in 1982 in Jayapura. When she was in the junior high school, she was sinking in to the negative environment and consuming alcohol until drunk. Then, to fill her needs to get drunk, she became a prostitute. Afterwards in 1998, Berthalina was being pregnant of her first child and the child is raised in orphanage. Then in 2000, she was giving a birth to the second child who was adopted then by her sister.  Also in the same year, </em><em>Berthalina</em><em> was doing VCT which the result is quite shocking for her, she has HIV positive. Yet because </em><em>Berthalina</em><em> was being addicted by alcohol, aica aibon, hashish, and dextro, she had to keep on moving on her activity as a prostitute and then in 2002 was been pregnant again. But one day when she was being drunk, she slipped and felt. The baby was died. At that time, Berthalina got support from one of the NGO that moves in the field of HIV. But Berthalina felt uncomfortable with the environment of that NGO, so she was coming back to her old friends to get drunk and prostituted herself again. </em></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><em>Knowing that she has HIV made </em><em>Berthalina</em><em> felt that her life was almost over and she thought that she had to focus on searching for happiness for her before she died. Moreover, she did risky behavior such as thieving others houses or stealing her prostitution customer. She also had to be under arrest by police and get the punishment. </em></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><em>Unfortunately, </em><em>Berthalina</em><em> got the wrong information about HIV from unqualified NGO who was taking care of her by the time. They told her that many PLWHA died because consuming ARV. It was making her scared to check her condition and start ARV therapy. </em></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><em>In 2008, </em><em>Berthalina</em><em> was being pregnant for the fourth times. Tragically, Berthalina never knows the biological fathers of her children. At that moment, she was being handled by other NGO. But that NGO was overwhelmed by </em><em>Berthalina</em><em>’s habit which are getting drunk so often and keeping on being prostitute to get money and alcohol, so she was sent by that NGO to a rehab. She got much information about HIV those so much help her to start the treatment correctly. When her pregnancy stepped on the sixth months, </em><em>Berthalina</em><em> was also prepared to start ARV therapy because her CD4 was 348. But then the baby couldn’t be rescued and he died after the birth. After the recovery program in rehab was accomplished, unfortunately Berthalina decided to go back to her old negative environment until now and doesn&#8217;t care about her health anymore.<br />
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<p style="text-align:left;"><em>*Berthalina adalah salah satu pekerja seks jalanan yang saya kenal. Mudah-mudahan kisah hidupnya dapat menjadi pembelajaran dan membuka wawasan kita mengenai potret dari keadaan yang sebenarnya di Tanah Papua. </em></p>
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<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Kesadaran Masyarakat akan HIV&amp;AIDS </strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Secara keseluruhan, masyarakat Papua tidak mendapatkan informasi yang cukup baik mengenai HIV&amp;AIDS. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Butt, dkk <sub>[1]</sub>, didapatkan bahwa meskipun 81% responden survey pernah mendengar kata HIV dan AIDS, namun hanya sedikit sekali yang memiliki pengetahuan mengenai jalur penularan infeksi HIV&amp;AIDS. Ditambah lagi, hanya 29% responden yang dapat mengidentifikasi kondom ketika ditunjukan, dan penggunaan serta manfaat bahkan jauh lebih rendah lagi.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Masih terkait dengan penggunaan kondom, hanya 15% (26 orang) yang pernah menggunakan kondom dan tidak ada dari mereka yang tinggal di pedesaan. Responden dari desa sangat tertinggal jauh dalam pengetahuan mengenai hal ini dibandingkan di perkotaan. Responden dari kabupaten Jayawijaya dan dataran tinggi lainnya memiliki tingkat kesadaran akan kondom, penggunaan, dan pengetahuan mengenai AIDS yang paling rendah, meskipun statistik menunjukkan bahwa modernisasi memiliki dampak yang besar pada kebiasaan-kebiasaan seksual di dataran tinggi.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Walaupun terdapat 60% (118 orang) responden dapat menyebutkan minimal satu cara mencegah penularan atau infeksi HIV, namun tidak ada satupun yang mengetahui bahwa hubungan seks anal merupakan faktor resiko potensial. Padahal kita ketahui telah terdapat sejumlah waria Papua yang terlibat dalam prostitusi.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Secara umum, banyak responden merasa keberatan dengan adanya kondom namun hal itu karena mereka tidak mengetahui cara penggunaannya dan merasa malu untuk belajar. Selain itu keyakinan dan nilai-nilai tradisional lainnya dapat menjadi hambatan dalam penerimaan kondom oleh masyarakat<sub>[1]</sub>. Sekalipun ada responden yang telah menggunakan kondom, namun hampir tidak pernah ada yang melakukannya secara konsisten. Untuk itulah program-program dari pemerintah maupun LSM dalam pencegahan maupun penanggulangan HIV&amp;AIDS di Papua masih harus terus ditingkatkan, terutama dalam bidang komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Untuk mengetahui lebih banyak mengenai HIV&amp;AIDS di Papua, terutama di Wamena, Anda dapat membaca artikel-artikel yang ditulis oleh dr. Ronald Gunawan,MA di <a href="http://ronald-g.blogspot.com">http://ronald-g.blogspot.com</a></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
<p style="text-align:left;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-360" title="pendukung n penghambat" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendukung-n-penghambat.jpg?w=477&#038;h=514" alt="pendukung n penghambat" width="477" height="514" /></p>
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<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Daftar Pustaka :</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[1] Butt, L.,  Numbery, G., Morin, J. (2002). <em>Preventing AIDS in Papua : Revised Research Report</em>. Papua : Aksi STOP AIDS (UNAIDS-FHI).</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[2] Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Nasional [producer]. (2007). <em>Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS 2007-2010</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[2] Lokobal N.A., Yuristianti, G., Sihombing D.M., Srini, S. (1997). <em>Pandangan, Kepercayaan, Sikap, dan Perilaku Masyarakat Dani terhadap Seksualitas dan Penyakit Menular Seksual (PMS)</em>. Wamena :  WATCH Project Jayawijaya.</p>
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		<title>An Analysis of Relapse</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/07/05/an-analysis-of-relapse/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2009 01:43:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Drug Addiction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Review]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[In Indonesia, the relapse number of addicts who had accomplished therapeutic program and rehabilitation reach 90%. While in United States (California), Profesor George Koob MD, neuropharmachologist, estimated that 80% of addicts who had been on detoxification will take drugs again [1]. Drug addiction, is one of the most difficult conditions to treat. Relapse is possible [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=284&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-288" title="relapse" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/relapse.jpg?w=477" alt="relapse"   /><br />
<em>In Indonesia, the relapse number of addicts who had accomplished therapeutic program and rehabilitation reach 90%. While in United States (California), Profesor George Koob MD, neuropharmachologist, estimated that 80% of addicts who had been on detoxification will take drugs again <sub>[1]</sub>.</em><br />
<em><br />
</em><br />
Drug addiction, is one of the most difficult conditions to treat. Relapse is possible for anyone with a history of addiction. Both addict and practitioner must be aware of preventing relapse or intervening as early as possible when it occurs. I will review more about relapse since it is one of the most crucial issues in treating drug or alcohol addiction.  My experiences in working in some rehabs or social institutions related to drug addiction and having active addict also recovering addict acquaintances has helped me to observe and then describe it in this review. Here also I inserted some statements from addicts so we can understand about them better.</p>
<p>According to Lewis, Dana, &amp; Blevins <sub>[4]</sub>, relapse can be defined as an <em>“uncontrolled return to drugs or alcohol use following competent treatment”</em>. You probably will be flustered knowing that individuals who looks serious with their recovery or had been clean for several years often have tremendous difficulty in preventing relapse. Recent data suggest that relapse can take place even after five or more years of abstinence <sub>[3]</sub>.</p>
<p>Moralistic views or laity on relapse look at the addict as a lazy, irresponsible, or weak willed. But the fact isn’t that simple. Powerful drive forces an individual to use the drug. This intense craving often accompanies situations that provide emotional or circumstantial &#8220;triggers&#8221; for relapse<sub> [3]</sub>. From my observation on addicts, craving the drug can replaces all rational thought, such as the desire to be a good parent or even loses their mind and heart. They really don’t care about other’s life! Addicts’ family and best friends usually say that <em>“when she takes drug, she looks unlike the real her”</em> or <em>“he becomes the devil”</em>.  It&#8217;s not uncommon too for addicts to spend money on drugs when their basic needs aren&#8217;t met, even though this makes worse their financial problem.<br />
<em><img class="size-full wp-image-293 alignleft" title="addict1" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/addict13.jpg?w=477" alt="addict1"   /></em></p>
<p><em>“When I had to choose between family and drug or girl and drug, sorry but I chosed heroin. That’s true. Funny isn’t it? Even when my parents begged me please until they knelted down, I didn’t give a shit. That’s the evil of drugs.”</em></p>
<p><em>“I didn’t care when my mother got icu hospitalized or when I saw my family was crying about my condition, and I didn’t care if my mother couldn’t cook anything because I had sold the kitchen stuffs to buy drug..how stupid me at that time.” </em></p>
<p><em><br />
</em><br />
Relapse can be upsetting. Remember that few people sustain sobriety at first attempt<sub>[3]</sub>. Relapse is a normal part of the process of attaining and maintaining sobriety. But it will be a frustrating and serious case if it happens over and over again.</p>
<p>Relapse shouldn’t  be viewed as the evidence that the addicts are incompetent, stupid, or worthless. Instead they are encouraged to understand it as a response to environmental cues that constantly impinge on them. The experience of relapse can provide addicts with the opportunity to learn about their high risk situations or triggers and to identify strategies that they can use to prevent them. This approach can raise self efficacy and then enhance coping skills of addicts <sub>[4]</sub>.</p>
<p><strong>Identifying Relapse Triggers<br />
</strong></p>
<p>We can help addicts identify their triggers for relapse. You might start by asking &#8220;What happened that led you to use drugs again?&#8221; Ask them about common triggers because it can be varied in each addict, which may include working, using other drugs, hearing certain songs, isolation, being around other drug-using buddies, having money available, depression, anxiety, parenting concerns, and others<sub>[3]</sub>.</p>
<p>Many people with addictions minimize or deny the seriousness of drug use. They may perceive drug using as a coping mechanism rather than a contributor to their problems<sub> [3]</sub>. Formal treatment program should be recommended, no matter how many times they have been in treatment before.</p>
<p>According from the research about relapse among opiate addicts, Unnithan, Gossop, &amp; Strang <sub>[5]</sub> found high relapse rate had occurred within the first two weeks of the withdrawal program. Unnithan et al. <sub>[5]</sub> and Thombs <sub>[4], </sub>mentioned factors those tend to cause relapse, like I attached in table below :</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-289" title="factors of relapse" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/factors-of-relapse.jpg?w=477&#038;h=224" alt="factors of relapse" width="477" height="224" /></p>
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<p>In general, it appears that relapsers evaluate more life situations as threatening than do nonrelapsers <sub>[4]</sub>. That’s why those who relapse seem to have greater difficulty in coping with unpleasant emotions, frustrating events, and unsatisfactory relations with others. Thombs <sub>[4]</sub> also stated that the nonrelapsers seem to learn strategies for coping with the problems whereas the relapsers do not, in such a way that I think addicts have to understand and aware about their high risk situation and find the best coping to deal with it so that they can prevent relapse.</p>
<p><strong>Thinking Patterns and Relapse</strong></p>
<p>The behavior, drug taking and alcohol drinking, is only a symptom of a much deeper underlying thought process which begins with perception <sub>[2]</sub>. Behaviors don’t just happen by themselves. Thought, the mind, produces behaviors as well as emotions, both being positive and negative.  So besides strategy for coping with the problems,  the addict’s interpretation of frustrating experiences—that is how the person think about himself/herself, others, and the world, is also the key to prevent relapse.</p>
<p>According to Ellis <sub>[4]</sub>,the irrational believe that pain, discomfort, or unpleasantness is unbearable, and that it cannot and must not be tolerated can bring discomfort anxiety then accompanied by the tendency to avoid situations or tasks that may be difficult or painful in some way. The reason is no alternative coping strategy (e.g., cognitive or behavioral) can reduce the discomfort anxiety as quickly and effortlessly as alcohol or drugs can. All other strategies require time to work, practice, and individual effort. During such a period, the addict is experiencing discomfort and susceptible to falling back into the habit of depending on drug or alcohol.</p>
<p>On a daily basis, we hear counselors say to patients, “stop taking drugs or you will die”, or just “say no to drugs” and so many of the other statements that are so prevalent in substance abuse treatment today. Do these statements ever stop anyone from taking drugs? Obviously not. The best way an addict/alcoholic will discontinue substance use, begin their recovery process, and find the hope and peace that they seek, is when they are able to arrive at their own conclusions and begin to change their false way of thinking and develop coping strategies to face their problem. All of that can be obtained through rehabilitation or therapy.</p>
<p>There are many irrational beliefs associated with relapse (self defeating thought). Addicts  should alternate those beliefs with the rational and constructive ones. Here are the examples of Model Rational Alternative from Ellis, McInerney, DiGiuseppe, and Yeager <sub>[4]</sub>:</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-291" title="rational beliefs" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rational-beliefs1.jpg?w=477&#038;h=388" alt="rational beliefs" width="477" height="388" /></p>
<p>Marlat and Gordon <sub>[4]<em> </em></sub>also believe that recovering addicts often feel deprived of pleasure, enjoyment, fun, and so on and ‘they owe drugs to themselves’.<br />
<em>“If I don’t use drug, I feel empty. I feel life sucks. I can’t stand that. Like you, I also have right to be happy. You can be happy just by making out with your girlfriend or wasting money on cool stuffs, nothing makes me happy but drug. Even my relationship  can make me happy, but it isn’t complete yet without drug. That’s the package.”</em></p>
<p>Then cravings for drug or alcohol tend to arise, and they begin to think positively about the bad effects of the substance. At the same time, they deny or selectively forget about all the negative consequences and often the tendency to rationalize the return to using<sub> [4]</sub>.<br />
<em>“On the last minutes before the relapse, I just thought that it shouldn’t  have been for a long time. It should have been just for once and no more. So that it shouldn’t have been that bad, just a bit… When I used drug for the first time, I could control myself. So it should have been easy to control too because I just used a few milligrams. I thought didn’t have to worry a lot…but after all, continued by second using..third using…till unstoppable using haunted my life again and when ‘I woke up’ from all of it, I was already in rehab…again&#8230;” </em></p>
<p><em><br />
</em><br />
<strong><em>Men are disturbed not by things,</em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em> but by the views which they take of them </em><sub>[4]</sub>.</strong></p>
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p>FYI, if you&#8217;re interested to know about Cognitive-Behavioral Approach:Treating Cocain Addiction, you can go to<a href="http://www.nida.nih.gov/txmanuals/cbt/cbt1.html"> http://www.nida.nih.gov/txmanuals/cbt/cbt1.html</a></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Suggested Readings :</span></p>
<p>[1] Hukom, Iskandar Irwan. (9 Februari 2008). <em>Kembalikan Canduku.</em> Media Indonesia [producer], Tanggapan Serial Opini Tentang Narkoba. Retrieved June 27, 2008 from http://www.mediaindonesia.com/webtorial/ycab_old/?ar_id=MjY3.</p>
<p>[2] Meyers, Alan. (2009). Preventing Relapse by Addicts and Alcoholics through Perception Therapy. Selfgrowth.com : The Online Self Improvement Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 27, 2009 from <a href="http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Meyers2.html">http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Meyers2.html</a></p>
<p>[3] Snow, D. &amp; Gorman, M. (July, 1999). Addiction: Working with Relapse. <em>The American Journal of Nursing</em>, Vol. 99, No. 7. Lippincott Williams &amp;amp; Wilkins Stable. Retrieved June 28, 2009 from <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3472076">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3472076</a></p>
<p>[4] Thombs, Dennis L. (1999). <em>Introduction to Addictive Behaviors</em> (2<sup>nd</sup> edition). New York : The Guilford Press.</p>
<p>[5] Unnithan, S., Gossop, M., Strang, J. (1992). Factors Associated with Relapse Among Opiate Addicts in An Out-patient Detoxification Programme. <em>British Journal of Psychiatry</em>, 161, 654-657. Retrieved June 27, 2009 from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/161/5/654.pdf</p>
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		<title>Introduction of HIV&amp;AIDS</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/06/17/introduction-of-hiv-aids/</link>
		<comments>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/06/17/introduction-of-hiv-aids/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2009 09:50:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[HIV-AIDS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Review]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[UNAIDS and WHO [5] notes there are 33.4 million people (31.3 million adults; 15.7 million women; 2.1 million children under 15) living with HIV in 2008 since the beginning of the pandemic and 2.7 million people newly infected in 2008.  Two million people has died in 2008 because of AIDS, including 280.000 children under 15! [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=171&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-172" title="Introduction of hiv-aids" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/iloaidsribonip8.jpg?w=477" alt="Introduction of hiv-aids"   /></p>
<p>UNAIDS and WHO [5] notes there are 33.4 million people (31.3 million adults; 15.7 million women; 2.1 million children under 15) living with HIV in 2008 since the beginning of the pandemic and 2.7 million people newly infected in 2008.  Two million people has died in 2008 because of AIDS, including 280.000 children under 15! And tragically this number keep rising.</p>
<p>According to World Vision, 2006 <sub>[4]</sub>, there is no country without this virus. Africa is in the most severe condition with the highest prevalence of HIV&amp;AIDS. India has the highest population with HIV, and the most rapid of the spreading of HIV infection occurring in China. While Middle East/East Europe has been the quickest blooming in the world.</p>
<p><strong>How About In Indonesia?</strong></p>
<p>In Indonesia itself, HIV epidemic has been going on for 20 years. Since 2000, the epidemic has concentrated in high risk sub-populations (with prevalence &gt; 5%), which is IDUs, prostitutes, and transvestites <sub>[2]</sub>. So generally, Indonesia has been in concentrated epidemic stage. During this 5 years, growth rate of AIDS cases number is quicker than before. Department of Health, Republic of Indonesia <sub>[2] </sub>reported the number of new AIDS cases in 2006 as much as 2,873. It is double than the number of the cases during previous 17 years of epidemic in Indonesia, which is 1,371 cases. This velocity is caused by combination of HIV transmission through non-sterile hypodermic needle and risky sexual activities among high risk population.</p>
<p>In Papua (Papua Province and West Papua), the condition has been further severed, HIV spreading by means of risky sexual activities has been happening in general population (with prevalence 2.4%). Situation in Papua shows the stage has reached generalized epidemic. Since 2000, HIV prevalence started to be constantly above 5% in some high risk sub-populations <sub>[2]</sub>.</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-302" title="ESTIMASI" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/estimasi.jpg?w=477&#038;h=383" alt="ESTIMASI" width="477" height="383" /></p>
<p><img src="/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-2.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em>*Based on Report of Estimation of Population Susceptible to HIV Infection in 2006, Department of Health (Republic of Indonesia)</em></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><br />
</em></p>
<p><strong>What is HIV-AIDS?</strong></p>
<p>HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus which attacks human body’s immune system and vitiates our body capability to against a wide variety of diseases. At the moment our body’s immune system starts to get weak, then health problems will emerge. The symptoms generally appear are fever, cough, or continual diarrhea. These collection of diseases symptoms caused by weak body’s immune system called AIDS (<em>Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome</em>). For all that, infected by HIV (or being HIV positive) doesn’t mean we will immediately fall sick. Someone can live with HIV inside his/her body for many years without feeling ill or having severe health problems. This period of  ‘the healthy time’ is really influenced by their own strong desires and how they take care of their health with healthy life style <sub>[1]</sub>.</p>
<p>HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS#cite_note-CDCtransmission-3"></a> The transmission of the virus can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids <sub>[3]</sub>.</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-196" title="FACTS" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/facts3.jpg?w=477&#038;h=215" alt="FACTS" width="477" height="215" /></p>
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<p>In 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) <sub>[3]</sub> grouped these infections and conditions together by introducing a staging system for patients infected with HIV-1. An update took place in September 2005. Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections that are easily treatable in healthy people.</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-188" title="WHOSTAGES" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/whostages1.jpg?w=477&#038;h=195" alt="WHOSTAGES" width="477" height="195" /></p>
<p>For more detailed information, I really suggest you to visit <a href="http://spiritia.or.id/">http://spiritia.or.id</a>. You’ll get many informations about HIV&amp;AIDS in Indonesia (in Indonesian language also).</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-189" title="For Your Information" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/fyi3.jpg?w=477&#038;h=318" alt="For Your Information" width="477" height="318" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p><strong>Suggested Readings :</strong></p>
<p>[1] Green, Chris W. (2006). <em>Seri Buku Kecil : HIV &amp; TB</em>. Jakarta : Spiritia.</p>
<p>[2] Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS [Producer]. (2007). <em>Rencana Aksi Nasional Penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS 2007-2010. </em></p>
<p>[3] Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (last modified June 17, 2009). <em>AIDS </em>. Retrieved June 17, 2009 from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS</a></p>
<p>[4] World Vision Indonesia [producer]. (2006).  <em>Berlimpah dalam Pengharapan, Keyakinan dan Tanggapan di Era HIV dan AIDS (HIV and AIDS Hope Initiative)</em>.</p>
<p>[5] UNAIDS [producer]. (2009). AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2009.</p>
<p><img src="/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.jpg" alt="" /></p>
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		<title>The Risk Factors of Suicide</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2009 14:51:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Depression]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Suicide cases in Indonesia often happened recently , such as a drug addict who blew his brains out under the influence of drugs, a housewife committed suicide because she still hadn&#8217;t got pregnant after 15 years of marriage, and even a psychology student committed suicide too by jumping from seventh floor of trade center. I [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=138&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-141" title="suicide" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/suicide.png?w=477" alt="suicide"   /></p>
<p><em>Suicide cases in Indonesia often happened </em><em>recently </em><em>, such as a drug addict who blew his brains out under the influence of drugs, a housewife committed suicide because </em><em>she still hadn&#8217;t got pregnant </em><em>after 15 years of marriage</em><em>, and even a psychology student committed suicide too by jumping from seventh floor of trade center. I have also observed that suicide attempts </em><em>by young housewives </em><em>as a response of house hold problems frequently reported in our country lately.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p></blockquote>
<p><em><br />
</em></p>
<p>Suicide is not the major cause of death in Indonesia, even less than suicidal cases in United States which overall, suicide is the 11<sup>th </sup>leading cause of death for all Americans (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2002)<em>, </em>also was the 3<sup>rd</sup> most common cause of death among adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15 and 34 years (National Vital Statistics Reports, 2005) and 80% of suicide deaths are among men <sub>[7]</sub>.</p>
<p>Honestly, I find difficulty to get many data about suicide in Indonesia, maybe because studies related to suicide in Indonesia are seldom conducted, or even because suicide isn’t the current primary problem. However, from <a href="http://www.suaramerdeka.com/">www.suaramerdeka.com</a> <sub>[10]</sub>, there is a raising number of suicide cases since 2002 (19 people) until 2006 (becomes 114 people) with the age range 20-50 years consisting of unemployment as the largest number, and the others are students, official employees, domestic servants, and laborers. It won’t  stop there because without any intervention, there will be more and more cases in the next years considering amount of Indonesia unemployment in 2006 is 1.5 million<sub>[10]</sub>.</p>
<p>Nevertheless I choose this topic to be reviewed here because my own curiosity about suicide in the light of seeing some people committed suicide and have suicidal thought, including people around me.  As far as I know, suicide is also rarely researched or deeply discussed, even during I was still in a college. So…simply question emerged on my mind, <em>Why??</em></p>
<p>From some researches concerning suicide, it can be concluded that the main risk factors for suicide death  are mood disorders  or depression  were most frequent, followed by substance-related disorders (American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2005<sub>[4]</sub>; The Office of Aplied Study, 2006<sub>[8]</sub>). Lesage and his colleagues <sub>[9]</sub> found that among young men, suicide is linked to the following mental disorders: major depression, borderline personality disorder, and substance abuse. For detail, I’ve attached about <em>Mental Disorders in Cases of Suicide in Young </em>in this table <sub>[4]</sub>:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="size-full wp-image-139 aligncenter" title="Graphic1" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/graphic1.jpg?w=477" alt="Graphic1"   /></p>
<p>In US, When research were done among adults aged 18 or older who experienced a past year major depressive episode (MDE), 56.3 percent thought, during their worst or most recent episode, that it would be better if they were dead, 40.3 percent thought about committing suicide, 14.5 percent made a suicide plan, and 10.4 percent made a suicide attempt. Then, adults with a past year MDE who reported past month binge alcohol or illicit drug use were more likely to report suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts than their counterparts with a past year MDE who had not engaged in past month binge drinking or illicit drug use <sub>[8]</sub>. Whereas, survey of United Nation Office On Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2007 noted that there are 3.2 million people in Indonesia (1.5% of population) abuses substance <sub>[11]</sub>. Research of Badan Narkotika Nasional cooperated with University of Indonesia <sub>[11] </sub>also results that 5.8% substance abuser are 15-25 years old, which is something that should be concerned about!</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-142" title="mdd" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/mdd.jpg?w=477&#038;h=276" alt="mdd" width="477" height="276" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">*most of the day, nearly every day and can be either subjective account or observation made by others .</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em>Note</em> : criteria above are based on DSM IV <sub>[1]</sub>.</p>
<p>Identifying and understanding about the cause or risk factors of suicide is the first step in preventing suicide. Besides mental health issues (depression, low self-esteem, and feeling of hopelessness) and substance abuse, research also has identified the others following risk factors for suicide (United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) 1999) <sub>[6]</sub>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Family or caretaker history of mental health problems, including alcoholism, drug abuse, or depression; family or caretaker history of suicide; family or caretaker history of child maltreatment</li>
<li>Impulsive or aggressive tendencies</li>
<li>Barriers to accessing mental health treatment</li>
<li>Recent severe stressor; loss (relational, social, work, or financial)</li>
<li>Physical illness</li>
<li>Easy access to lethal methods</li>
<li>Unwillingness to seek help because of the stigma attached to mental health and substance abuse disorders or suicidal thoughts</li>
<li>Cultural and religious beliefs—for instance, the belief that suicide is a noble resolution of a personal dilemma</li>
<li>Isolation, a feeling of being cut off from other people</li>
</ul>
<p>If we look more specific at family factor, study by Adam et al. <sub>[9]</sub> found that suicidal youth reported lower care and higher over-protection in relation to their mothers than their non-suicidal peers. Then Labrèche-Gauthier, and Leduc <sub>[11] </sub>also examined the relationship between parent-child relationships and suicide ideation in French Canadian youth. They found that suicide ideation in adolescent males and females were associated with a parenting style that was characterized by high control, in combination with a lack of sufficient maternal and paternal social support.</p>
<p><strong>The psychopathology of suicide</strong></p>
<p>We have detected from some research about suicide above that mental disorder such as mood disorder and personality disorder as the risk factors or suicide. Then I have discovered a deep and so psychoanalyzed explanation about the root of suicide<sub>[11]. </sub> It was noted that depression is just the consequence of the motive behind that involve consciousness and unconsciousness concept. Maybe it wil be a bit difficult for the readers who aren’t familiar with psychoanalytical jargon, but I think the analysis of suicide is interesting and sharp enough.</p>
<p>Frascarie, et al.<sub> [11] </sub> also stated that the suicidal individual always plays the role of the victim, seeing himself as rejected by others and persecuted by them (paranoia). He thinks that the others are the aggressive ones and feels wronged and hurt, because he thinks of himself as being good and perfect (theomania). Contrary to what we are used to thinking, loneliness, shyness, lack of friends and lack of money are not the causes of suicide. The true problem lies in the rejection of affection (true feeling). Loneliness is one of the consequences of this attitude. The suicidal is very arrogant (megalomaniac); he will not humble himself, he will not adjust himself to reality, he expects reality to adjust itself to him; he also cannot stand frustration, because he wants everything to be the way he thinks it should be (fantasy). He does not perceive that the world is different from what he believes it to be, for he distorts the perception of reality (out of envy). This is the reason why all suicidal individuals become deeply depressed, anguished and in despair, because they reject this consciousness <sub>[11]. </sub></p>
<p>The suicidal individual does nothing to keep his links with life, on the contrary he only works against it; he wants, however, to obtain the same results as the person who is constantly working with reality. Thus the suicidal individual does not want to perceive the consequences that these attitudes have and he nourishes the idea that he may do whatever he pleases without suffering any consequences. The cause of the problem lies in the use of the individual’s will, which serves to separate him from affection. As a consequence, he stops working and turns aggressive, thus becoming useless and undesirable to society. We all keep away from unpleasant people, people who reject affection, and the same manner that society keeps criminals and psychopathic individuals in isolation. The turning away from reality, from affection, is the true root of suicide<sub>[11].</sub></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>But Frascarie, et al.<sub> [11]</sub> didn’t mention substance abuse case in the analysis, so I think it hasn’t been clear yet whether this theory also fully works for it or not. But I assume there will be some differences in theory about the psychopathology of suicide of substance abuser in the light of substance using itself have given effects to individual’s physiological also psychological condition.</p>
<p>After we know about the risk factors of suicide from general researches and specific analysis from Frascarie, et al.<sub>[11]</sub> , then what can we do to prevent and overcome suicide?</p>
<p>There are protective factors buffer people from the risks associated with suicide (DHHS 1999, NAHO 2001<sub>[6]</sub>) which I compressed to some points bellow*:</p>
<ul>
<li>Family and community support</li>
<li>Sense of belonging; positive self-esteem</li>
<li>Skills in problem solving, conflict resolution, and non-violent handling of disputes</li>
<li>Cultural and religious beliefs that discourage suicide and support self-preservation instincts</li>
<li>Good school performance; positive attitude toward school</li>
<li>Good physical and mental health</li>
<li>Easy access to a variety of medical and clinical interventions</li>
</ul>
<p>*Since I focused my review on the risk factors of suicide, so I will review more detail about the protective factors on next time.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-144" title="wise" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/wise.jpg?w=477&#038;h=275" alt="wise" width="477" height="275" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p><strong>Suggested Readings:</strong></p>
<p>[1] American Psychiatric Association. (2000). <em>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders </em>(4rd ed.), Text Revision. Washington,<em> </em>DC: Author.</p>
<p>[2] Anderson, R. N., &amp; Smith, B. L. (2005). Deaths: Leading causes for 2002. <em>National Vital Statistics Reports</em>, <em>53</em>(17), 1-89. [Available as a PDF at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_17.pdf]</p>
<p>[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control [Producer]. (2006, January 30). <em>Web-based Injury</em> <em>Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS): Leading causes of</em> <em>death reports, 1999-2003. </em>Retrieved June 19, 2006, from http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html</p>
<p>[4] Fleischmann, A., Bertolote, J.M., Belfer, Myron., Beautrais, A. (2005). Completed Suicide and Psychiatric Diagnoses in Young People: A Critical Examination of the Evidence.  <em>American Journal of Orthopsychiatry</em>, 75, 676–683.</p>
<p>[5] Frascarie A., Tavella A., De Almeida, E.M.R., Obelenis L., Bull, M.R., Hatch, M.I.D., Dos Santos, V.L.F., Luis, M. International  Society of Analytical Trilogy [producer]. (January 24, 2002). <em>The Roots of Suicide</em>. Retrieved June 2, 2009. [Available as a PDF at <a href="http://www.analyticaltrilogy.com/pdfThe">http://www.analyticaltrilogy.com/pdfThe</a>RootsOfSuicide.pdf]</p>
<p>[6]  Newfoundland &amp; Labrador Centre for Health Information [producer].(2004, November). <em>Attempted Suicide Among Adolescents.</em> Retrieved June 2, 2009, [Available as a PDF at <a href="http://www.nlchi.nl.ca/">http://www.nlchi.nl.ca</a>/pdf/attemptedsuicide_fastfacts_nov04.pdf]]</p>
<p>[7]  Research!America [producer]. (December 18, 2006).  <em>Investment in Research Save Lives and Money #21: Facts about Suicide. </em>Retrieved June 2, 2009 [Available as a PDF at http://www.researchamerica.org/resource_library/topic:5/type:0]</p>
<p>[8] U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services, Substance Abuse &amp; Mental Health Services Administration [producer]. (2004). <em>Office of Applied Study (The OAS Report), issue 34</em> <em>: Suicidal Thoughts, Suicide Attempts, Major Depressive Episode, and Substance Use among Adults. </em>Retrieved June 2, 2009, [Available as a PDF at http://www.samhsa.gov/2k6/suicide/suicide.htm]</p>
<p>[9] White, Jennifer. (2003). <em>Suicide-Related Research in Canada:</em><em> A Descriptive Overview<strong> </strong>A background paper prepared for the Workshop on Suicide Related Research</em>. Centre for Suicide Prevention, Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide and Euthanasia. Retrieved June 2, 2009.</p>
<p>[10] Riadi, Doni. (2007).<em> Mengapa harus bunuh diri?</em>. Retrieved June 2, 2009,<em> from </em>http://<a href="http://www.suaramerdeka.com/">www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0707/03/opi04.htm</a></p>
<p>[11] Harian Berita Sore (producer). (May 9, 2007). <em>Penduduk Indonesia Pengguna Narkoba.</em> Retrieved June 2, 2009, from http://www.berita sore.com/2007/05/09/32-juta-penduduk-indonesia-pengguna-narkoba/</p>
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		<title>Family System As The Addiction Models</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/06/07/family-system-as-the-addiction-models/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Jun 2009 06:27:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[Review]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[There are many addiction models give a brief explanation about addictive behavior, especially in drug addiction (also applied to alcohol), such as the disease models, psychoanalytic models, conditioning models, cognitive models, family system models, socio cultural models, and also bio-psychosocial models which I think more comprehensive and complete in explaining about drug addiction. Because I&#8217;m [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=122&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-126" title="home_family" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/home_family1.jpg?w=477" alt="home_family"   /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p>There are many addiction models give a brief explanation about addictive behavior, especially in drug addiction (also applied to alcohol), such as the disease models, psychoanalytic models, conditioning models, cognitive models, family system models, socio cultural models, and also bio-psychosocial models which I think more comprehensive and complete in explaining about drug addiction. Because I&#8217;m interested to know more about family and drug addiction, so I want to review the addiction model by focusing on family system. Moreover, in Indonesia, family has the most influence on individual’s development, not only until adolescence stage, but even at late adulthood. We can see that in Indonesia, individual is still strongly attached to their family (father, mother, and siblings) though they have been living with their spouse and children.   I have two real cases (my clients) to be discussed here, both of them are young adult recovering heroin addicts of the same age, about 29-30 years old. They are clean now but it took many years to reach that point, and surely still have to watch step for the rest of their life to be sober.</p>
<p>Van Wormer<sub> [3]</sub> noted that the family is a system composed of members in constant and dynamic interaction with each other. Patterns of interaction get established: who interacts with whom, who talks and who listens, who has the authority and who is the controlling force behind the scenes. The family has a pattern, a rhythm that is more than the sum of its parts. Thus, in family system models, we have to give attention to the interdependence of all the members and the wholeness of the system. There’s a “rules of interaction” or the methods of how relationship between the family members function. We can call it “boundaries”. Thombs <sub>[3]</sub> explained about the boundaries in the continuum below :</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Very diffuse: relationships are enmeshed. No flexibility, no room for individual differences. Individual are too close. Loss of self- identity.</em></li>
<li><em>Very rigid: Relationships are distant. Little intimacy, much isolation. There is little sharing of positive emotions. No connectedness.</em></li>
<li><em>Clear (optimal relationship): Allow for individuality yet maintain intimacy, they are based on mutual respect, genuine love, and concern for one another without attempting to control, freedom, flexibility,  and communication patterns are clear and direct.</em></li>
</ul>
<p>In addict families, boundaries may be rigid or disengaged. Addict may be isolated, and the entire family may be isolated too from the community. Lawson and Lawson<sub> [1]</sub> said that addict families have three rules :</p>
<ol>
<li>“do not talk about the addiction”</li>
<li>“do not confront addictive behavior”</li>
<li>“protect and shelter the addict so that things don’t become worse.”</li>
</ol>
<p>But actually such rules enable an addict to keep using drug and contribute to the progression of addictive behavior. When one spouse is an addict, the marital relationship may be disengaged. The addict may spend much time in drug-using rather than at home. The non addict spouse may carry the full parenting load and children may feel rejected and unloved.</p>
<p>Families usually have rules governing the manner in which different emotions are expressed. In some families, anger is not allowed, whereas in others shouting is permissible. I also saw in some families affection is demonstrated with hugs and kisses, while in others physical contact is limited. In addict families, it is usually prohibited to talk openly about the drug abuse.</p>
<p>If we take a look at the cases, let’s say their names are Andri and Bobby (of course not their real names). Andri comes from diffuse mother-child relationship, while Bobby from rigid one. Andri can express and talk about himself openly to his mother, yet not to the other member of the family. Whereas Bobby  is usually  silent and limits his conversation with his family. But it’s not weird for Andri’s family. The similarity of them is showed by their relationship with their mother. Their mother always give what they want (e.g., money). After denial for some years about their children problem, which is drug abuse, by not listening the second opinion about their children issue or not finding out the answer of ‘do their children abuse drug?’, finally they ‘could’t runaway’ again because their children then decided to tell the truth that they are addicts. Then when their denial about their children drug abusing stopped, they shifted to another denial, which is they denied the symptoms of their children’s relapse.</p>
<p>One of the concepts in system theory is homeostasis. It explains the family’s tenancy in holding onto existing behavioral repertoires, resisting change, and exerting pressure to minimize or reverse change when it occurs <sub>[2]</sub>. Drug addiction may be thought of as an effort to maintain family balance but unfortunately it’s a pathological equilibrium<sub>[3]</sub>, e.g., if the addict is stopped or go to recovery, it may cause neighborhood or big family recognizes about the family problem then they would feel embarrassed, or if the addict father go to rehab then his family lose their head and economically disturbed. Because of this false thought, then family decide not to take the addict to recovery and prefer to let the addict stays at home using drug.</p>
<p>In case of Andri, her mother permitted him to use heroin at home. She thought it would be better than her son used it outside and looked by neighbors or caught by the police and under arrested. While Bobby’s mother also let her son use heroin with a bit different reason. She wants to hinder the conflict between her and Bobby. She didn’t want to make Bobby hates her and want to ease the family atmosphere. She also can’t stand saw her son suffering from withdrawal syndrome. But unfortunately they were in the wrong way.</p>
<p>Family that usually have rigid rule of interaction should improve the rule when their member as the addict come to recovery. The program demands them to show more intense interaction. Then when the addict comes back to their family and has shown good progress after several months of abstinence and frequent involvement on Narcotic Anonymous (NA) or fellow addicts, the spouse may return to rigid stability by complaining that he or she looks too busy with that recovery things then forget about family or in other case, the non addict spouse protest about how unfair for them to take over the family load. Often they have ambivalent feelings about the behavioral and personality changes of the addicts after recovery. They may feel that their mates are now too quiet, less sociable, less energetic, “kind of boring” than when they were abusing drug.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-241 alignleft" title="drugaddict" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/drugaddict.jpg?w=477" alt="drugaddict"   /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p>All of it can be a crisis for the family then provoke the addicts to relapse again. The dynamic of relapse often go unrecognized and that those who relapse are labeled “unmotivated” or perhaps “emotionally unstable”. They overlook that relapse prevention should include intervention from the family (to improve various forms of repetitive, consistent, and predictable displays of behavior which is maladaptive) rather just pushing the addicts to fix their intra psychic factors. In case of Bobby, at the moment he had finished from his recovery program then went to home, Bobby said that he felt empty amongst his own family members. His family kept showing the old pattern, which is cold, silent, and distant. Bobby who had used to get ‘love’ from heroin, then he felt unloved at all because his family didn’t know how to fill the hole inside and didn’t change their very rigid pattern to be optimal. So Bobby relapsed again. Hence, family can’t be substituted even by recovery program.</p>
<p><strong>Triad</strong></p>
<p>Bowen<sub>[3]</sub> stated that dysfunctional families form triadic patterns of interaction which contribute to the development of addiction in children. Triads are family subsystems that consist of three members. In addict family, it involves a young adult (or adolescent) addict and the parents. In the most common triad, one parents is intensely involved with the addict while the other parent is under involved and perhaps punitive. The triad forms as a means of protecting the marriage and the family by distracting the parents from their own marital difficulties. The drug problem gives them a reason for remaining together. That’s why in many cases, when the addiction of their children is over, their marriage is also over.</p>
<p>The real marital problem of Bobby’s parents was never discussed by both. Bobby’s mother used to be ‘a savior’ for her son, while the father became ‘an enemy’.  They were busy with Bobby’s addiction and in fact, it made their relationship and marriage worse. They blamed each other and never talk heart to heart about the real conflict they buried. In Bobby case, it truly happened. When he stopped using drug, his parents divorced.</p>
<p><strong>Codependency</strong></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-131" title="byb-co-dependency-bstn98l" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/byb-co-dependency-bstn98l.jpg?w=477" alt="byb-co-dependency-bstn98l"   /></p>
<p>Subby &amp; Friel <sub>[3]</sub> defines codependency as unhealthy pattern of relating to others that results from being closely involved with an addict. Their relationship is enmeshed and problem filled. The problems provide endless opportunities for the codependent to be preoccupied with the addict. They also find it very difficult, if not impossible, to leave dysfunctional relationships. As the result of this emotional enmeshment, the codependent tends to lose all sense of self or identity, and to become emotionally dependent upon the addict. The addict’s mood dictates the codependent’s mood. The codependent often protects the addict from the natural consequences of drug abuse. Such behavior is referred to as “enabling”. Examples include giving the money for the addict to buy drug out of pity seeing the addict suffered from withdrawal syndrome.  Hence, codependency is considered an unhealthy relationship pattern. That the codependent may purposely isolate himself/herself (and the family) from the extended family and friends, in order to keep the “family secret” and save the family from the embarrassment<sub>[3]</sub>.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chief Characteristics of codependents </span><sub>[3]</sub><span style="text-decoration:underline;">:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Poor self-esteem</li>
<li>Need to be needed</li>
<li>Strong urge to change and control others</li>
<li>Willingness to suffer</li>
<li>Resistance to change</li>
<li>Fear of change</li>
</ul>
<p>The mother usually becomes codependent. Maybe because ‘whose mother wants to see her children suffer?’. Yet, actually she has to show tough love to help her children safe from addiction. She must understand that enabling is a destructive pattern and moreover will take her children further from recovery.</p>
<p><strong>Role Behavior</strong></p>
<p>Family therapists have created a variety of schemes for classifying the types of role behavior in the addict family. The roles born because the needs to reach equilibrium. The players in this scheme are<sub>[3]</sub> :</p>
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-123 alignleft" title="addict-794990" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/addict-794990.jpg?w=477" alt="addict-794990"   /> <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>The addict </em></span></p>
<p>The addict also play a role which is to act irresponsibly. He/she is also emotionally detached and show abandonment to the family. Drug using becomes the priority and may be the only thing he/she cares about.</p>
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-124 alignleft" title="cn070322_enabler-775173" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/cn070322_enabler-775173.jpg?w=477" alt="cn070322_enabler-775173"   /> <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>The enabler </em></span></p>
<p>The enabler shows behavior that support the addiction process by helping the addict avoid the natural consequences of irresponsible behavior. The enabler may reduce tension in the family by “smoothing things over” but he or she is unaware that the enabling behavior is contributing to the progression of drug addiction. Enablers believe that they are simply being helpful and acting to hold their family together. Though their efforts often have destructive long-term consequences for the addict.</p>
<p>Bobby’s mother : <em>“I had dedicated my years for Bobby. Each time I cried, I bleed, it was for him. In his now age, he should have been an independent son who support and take care of me, but the fact is the reverse.”</em></p>
<p><em><br />
</em></p>
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-127 alignleft" title="MyHero" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/myhero.jpg?w=477" alt="MyHero"   /> <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>The hero</em></span></p>
<p>This role attempts to do everything right. The hero often takes on parental responsibilities that the addict parent gave up. The enabler parents usually doesn’t have time to their chores because her/his time is fully booked for the addict. They are the family’s high achiever and the source of pride for the family so the family member can say to themselves, <em>“ We’re not so bad after all’.</em></p>
<p>Bobby’s old daughter : <em>“As the old daughter, I have to take care of my young sister and brother. I don’t want to make my parents disappointed because Bobby has done that. “</em></p>
<p><em><br />
</em></p>
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-130 alignleft" title="scapegoat" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/scapegoat.jpg?w=477" alt="scapegoat"   /> <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>The scapegoat</em></span></p>
<p>The scapegoat does very little right and is quite rebellious  or even antisocial. The scapegoat typically feels inferior to the family hero. He/she is the object of the addict parent’s misdirected frustration and rage. This also shields the addict from some blame and resentment that would have been directed at him/her, this process of diversion allows the addiction to progress further.</p>
<p>Bobby’s father : <em>“Why do they (Bobby and his wife)blame on me? Why everything I do as a father seems to be always wrong?”.</em></p>
<p><em><br />
</em></p>
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-128 alignleft" title="00FGh3-28191584" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/00fgh3-28191584.jpg?w=477" alt="00FGh3-28191584"   /> <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>The lost child</em></span></p>
<p>The chief characteristic of the lost child is seeking to avoid conflict at all costs. Such children tend to feel powerless, very quiet, depressed, isolated, withdrawn, and so on. These person tend to be forgotten, as they are very shy. They are follower or show great deal of insecurity. The lost child helps maintain balance in the family by simply disappearing or not requiring any attention. In the extreme, the lost child will think, “If I killed myself, Mom and Dad would have one less thing to worry about.”</p>
<p>Bobby’s Youngest sister : <em>” I want to do something but I’m confused about how and what I can do . My brother and my parents are in trouble, I just don’t want to cause more problem.”</em></p>
<p><em><br />
</em></p>
<p><img class="size-medium wp-image-129 alignleft" title="colorpic" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/colorpic.jpg?w=221&#038;h=158" alt="colorpic" width="221" height="158" /> <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>The Mascot/The Clown</em></span></p>
<p>Everyone in the family likes the mascot and is comfortable with having him/her around. The family usually views the mascot as the most fragile and vulnerable; thus tends to be the object of protection. The clownish behavior acts as a defense against feelings of anxiety and inadequacy. Mascots often have a dire need for approval from others. The mascot becomes a counterbalance against the tension that is so oppressive in dysfunctional families. He/she maybe the one family member about whom no one has a complaint.</p>
<p><strong>Suggested Readings :</strong></p>
<p>[1] Lawson, A., &amp; Lawson, G. (1998). <em>Alcoholism and the family : A Guide to treatment and prevention</em> (2<sup>nd</sup> ed.).  Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.</p>
<p>[2] Pearlman, S. (1988). <em>Systems theory and alcoholism</em>. In C.D. Chaudron &amp; D.A.Wilkinson (Eds.). Theories on Alcoholism. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.</p>
<p>[3] Thombs, Dennis L. (1999). <em>Introduction to Addictive Behaviors</em> (2<sup>nd</sup> edition). New York : The Guilford Press.</p>
<p>[4] Van Wormer, Katherine. (2008).  : Counseling Family Members of Addicts=Alcoholics: The Stages of Change Model. <em>Journal of Family Social Work, Vol. 11(2). </em>Iowa : The Haworth Press. Available online at <a href="http://jfsw.haworthpress.com">http://jfsw.haworthpress.com</a></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
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		<title>Konflik dan Resolusi Konflik dalam Hubungan Pacaran Remaja Perempuan dengan Orang Tua Bercerai</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/05/28/divorced-parents-conflict-and-conflict-resolution-in-love-relationship-of-female-adolescents/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2009 04:54:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Family]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Love Relationship]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Research conducted : University of Indonesia, July 2007 “sekarang gue jadi…agak enggak percaya lagi kan gara-gara…gue…gue punya pemikiran tentang seseorang, enggak ada orang yang benar-benar sayang sama gue, enggak ada orang yang benar-benar…mau…apa ya…dekat sama gue, gue…gue punya pemikiran kalau misalnya gue…pacaran atau gue dekat sama orang, sahabatlah ya, orang itu akan ninggalin gue, enggak…maksudnya…sekarang mungkin [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=55&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/a_couple11.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-522" title="a_coupleconflict" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/a_couple11.jpg?w=300&#038;h=264" alt="" width="300" height="264" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
<p style="text-align:left;">
<p style="text-align:left;"><em>Research conducted : </em><em>University of Indonesia, July 2007</em></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em> </em></p>
<p style="line-height:14.25pt;text-align:center;"><em><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Georgia,serif;">“sekarang gue jadi…agak enggak percaya lagi kan gara-gara…gue…gue punya pemikiran tentang seseorang, enggak ada orang yang benar-benar sayang sama gue, enggak ada orang yang benar-benar…mau…apa ya…dekat sama gue, gue…gue punya pemikiran kalau misalnya gue…pacaran atau gue dekat sama orang, sahabatlah ya, orang itu akan ninggalin gue, enggak…maksudnya…sekarang mungkin dia masih sayang sama gue, tapi besok siapa yang tahu&#8230;”</span></em><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Georgia,serif;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Georgia,serif;">~Anonymous-</span></em></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Georgia,serif;"><br />
</span></em></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 4 orang subjek perempuan berusia antara 20-21 yang memiliki orang tua bercerai. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif disertai dengan aloanamnesis dari pacar, tunangan, atau sahabat dekat dari subjek.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
<p style="text-align:left;">
<p><strong>Kesimpulan</strong></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Riwayat perceraian orangtua</span></p>
<p>Sebagian besar subjek menemukan bahwa pertengkaran (konflik) telah terjadi di antara kedua orang tuanya sejak mereka masih kecil, sementara satu orang subjek menyaksikan adanya pertengkaran di antara kedua orang tuanya ketika ia beranjak remaja. Penyebab pertengkaran yang memicu perceraian orang tua diantaranya yaitu perselingkuhan ayah, perubahan peran pria dan wanita saat menikah dan kesalahan memilih pasangan hidup.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Penghayatan terhadap perceraian orang tua</span></p>
<p>Seluruh subjek dalam penelitian ini merasakan perasaan negatif (diantaranya sedih, kehilangan, kecewa) ketika orang tua mereka bercerai. Namun saat ini mereka dapat memandang perceraian orang tuanya sebagai hal yang cenderung positif dan juga sudah bisa menerima keadaan orang tuanya yang bercerai. Hal ini bisa terjadi karena subjek menemukan keluarga baru atau sosok orang tua baru yang lebih baik, subjek merasakan keadaan yang lebih tenang atau tidak berkonflik setelah perceraian,  atau lamanya waktu serta proses kedewasaan yang akhirnya membantu subjek menghilangkan perasaan-perasaan negatif tersebut.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><em> <img class="size-full wp-image-59 aligncenter" title="GirlTornApartDivorce" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/girltornapartdivorce.jpg?w=477" alt="GirlTornApartDivorce"   /></em></strong></p>
<p>Mereka juga merasakan adanya pengaruh perceraian orang tuanya terhadap kehidupan mereka berikutnya, terutama dalam pandangannya akan pacaran dan perkawinan. Mereka memiliki perasaan negatif dalam menjalin dan mempertahankan suatu hubungan pacaran atau perkawinan. Namun perasaan negatif ini bervariasi tingkatannya pada tiap subjek, mulai dari perasaan takut kehilangan orang yang ia anggap berarti sampai ada pula yang merasa pesimis mengenai adanya hubungan pacaran dan perkawinan yang berhasil. Mereka merasa belum yakin dengan kemampuan mereka untuk dapat membangun suatu hubungan pacaran atau perkawinan yang berhasil.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Hubungan  pacaran subjek </span></p>
<p>Sebagian besar subjek mengalami masalah dalam pembentukan komitmen dimana mereka masih melihat suatu masalah atau perbedaan yang muncul sebagai indikasi berakhirnya hubungan dan belum memandang bahwa  hubungan tersebut harus dipertahankan. Masalah komitmen ini muncul karena adanya perasaan takut kehilangan atau takut bahwa suatu hubungan tidak akan berhasil. Namun satu orang subjek merasa belum memiliki komitmen untuk mengatasi setiap masalah yang ada dan belum mau saling berbagi secara jujur karena takut disia-siakan. Selain itu, ia juga belum mengenal kebutuhannya yang terdalam, belum memiliki kepercayaan dan perhatian kepada pasangan, belum bisa saling bersikap apa adanya, dan belum mampu menjalin komunikasi dengan baik bersama pasangannya.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Konflik dalam hubungan pacaran subjek </span></p>
<p>Konflik yang terjadi dalam hubungan sebagian besar subjek dengan pasangannya adalah karena adanya atribusi negatif yang diberikan kedua subjek kepada tingkah laku pacarnya. Penilaian negatif terhadap pasangannya ini timbul karena kurangnya kepercayaan terhadap pasangan. Konflik yang sering terjadi di antara dua subjek tersebut pun bisa terjadi karena resolusi konflik yang salah, dimana mereka tidak secara tuntas membicarakan masalah yang ada dengan pasangannya sehingga masalah yang serupa sering berulang.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Resolusi konflik dalam pacaran subjek </span></p>
<p>Dalam pemilihan resolusi konflik, dua orang subjek cenderung menggunakan cara menghindar untuk sementara waktu (<em>avoidance</em> berjenis <em>poseponement</em>), sementara dua orang subjek lainnya lebih memilih untuk membicarakan masalah tersebut pada saat konflik terjadi. Resolusi konflik yang dipilih sebagian besar subjek belum diyakini tepat untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang sebenarnya dan sering terulang kembali.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Konflik dalam hubungan pacaran subjek </span></p>
<p>Ideologi peran gender yang dianut oleh sebagian besar subjek dalam hubungan berpacarannya lebih mengarah kepada ideologi peran gender modern dimana subjek menjunjung tinggi persamaan antara peran laki-laki dan perempuan. Ideologi ini mungkin terinternalisasi dari orang tua subjek yang semuanya adalah ibu bekerja dan memiliki peran yang sama atau bahkan melebihi peran ayahnya. Keempat subjek menuntut adanya perlakuan yang sama antara laki-laki dan perempuan, sementara dalam pacarannya, mereka memiliki pasangan yang memiliki ideologi peran gender tradisional, dimana pasangan mereka menganggap bahwa laki-laki memiliki peran yang lebih penting dibandingkan perempuan sehingga mereka memberikan aturan-aturan kepada subjek, sementara subjek tidak merasa nyaman dengan hal itu. Perbedaan ini akhirnya menimbulkan konflik dalam pacaran yang mereka jalani.</p>
<p>Konflik dan resolusi konflik yang terjadi dalam hubungan pacaran subjek dipengaruhi secara timbal balik oleh pasangannya. Bagaimana sosok pasangan yang menjalin hubungan dengan subjek (kepribadian pacar dan resolusi konflik yang dipilih oleh pacar) dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana subjek menjalani hubungan pacarannya, termasuk juga konflik apa saja yang muncul dan resolusi konflik yang dipilih subjek.</p>
<p>Dua orang subjek dalam penelitian ini belum memutuskan apakah ia akan menikah atau terus melajang. Hal ini karena mereka merasa pesimis dengan suatu hubungan mengingat pengalaman gagal dalam rumah tangga kedua orang tua kandungnya. Kedua subjek ini adalah mereka yang mempersepsikan adanya konflik yang besar dalam hubungan kedua orang tuanya dan konflik itu dihadapkan kepada mereka dalam jangka waktu yang cukup lama. Selain itu juga perceraian terjadi tidak secara baik-baik, dimana ibu mereka memasukkan pandangan-pandangan negatif mengenai suatu hubungan heteroseksual sehingga pandangan negatif tersebut terinternalisasi oleh mereka. Mereka juga tidak dihadapkan pada model perkawinan yang lebih baik dibandingkan perkawinan orang tuanya. Kalaupun akhirnya mereka ditunjukkan pada model tersebut, model perkawinan yang tidak harmonis telah mereka lihat dalam jangka waktu yang cukup lama sehingga tidak dapat dengan mudah tergantikan dengan model yang baru.</p>
<p>Berbeda dengan kedua subjek di atas, ditemukan hasil yang berbeda pada salah satu subjek dimana ia dapat menjalin hubungan yang mendalam dan berorientasi pada perkawinan dengan pasangannya. Ia juga bisa menghilangkan perasaan tidak aman karena takut ditinggalkan oleh orang yang berarti dalam hidupnya dengan membentuk suatu hubungan yang berkomitmen dan terbuka bersama pasangannya. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh sikap orang tuanya yang tidak saling menyalahkan dan ibunya yang berusaha untuk menghilangkan pandangan negatif terhadap suatu perceraian. Selain itu juga sebelum perceraian, jarang terjadi konflik di antara kedua orang tuanya.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-251" title="divorce" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/divorce42.jpg?w=477" alt="divorce"   /></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p style="line-height:14.25pt;text-align:center;">
<p style="line-height:14.25pt;text-align:center;"><em><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Georgia,serif;">“…apa sih gunanya…gue sempet mikir apa sih gunanya pacaran, apa sih gunanya institusi, yang namanya perkawinan itu akan hilang kalau misalnya ee…suatu saat cewek bisa me…bisa memenuhi semua kebutuhannya sendiri, bisa melakukan semua yang dilakukan cowok, dan cowok bisa melakukan semua yang dilakukan cewek, kalau bisa melakukan itu, yang namanya perkawinan udah nggak ada.”</span></em></p>
<p style="line-height:14.25pt;text-align:center;"><em><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Georgia,serif;">~Anonymous-</span></em></p>
<p style="line-height:14.25pt;text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Georgia,serif;"> </span></p>
<p><strong>Saran Praktis</strong></p>
<li>Remaja dengan orang tua bercerai sebaiknya tidak menggeneralisasi kegagalan perkawinan orang tuanya ke dalam seluruh hubungan intim karena manusia mempunyai kemampuan untuk membentuk hubungan yang berhasil. Perceraian orang tua hendaknya dijadikan pelajaran berharga bagi para remaja agar dapat lebih menyadari hal-hal apa sajakah yang penting dan harus diwaspadai dalam menjaga dan mempertahankan hubungan.</li>
<li>Orang tua sebaiknya menyadari bahwa perceraiannya dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi anak sehingga sebaiknya mereka memikirkan pula cara-cara yang akan dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi dampak negatif dari perceraian tersebut. Selain itu, hal yang paling menentukan kehidupan anak selanjutnya bukan semata-mata karena perceraian, melainkan konflik yang terjadi dalam hubungan orang tua. Oleh sebab itu, konflik di antara kedua orang tua hendaknya diselesaikan dengan bijaksana tanpa mencoba untuk menginternalisasikan pandangan-pandangan negatif terhadap pasangan ataupun perkawinan kepada anak-anaknya. Hal ini sangat mempengaruhi bagaimana pandangan anak selanjutnya terhadap suatu hubungan heteroseksual, baik pacaran maupun perkawinan.</li>
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		<title>Kasus Keluarga Berdasarkan Sudut Pandang Experiential Family Therapy</title>
		<link>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/05/28/family-parent-child-interaction/</link>
		<comments>http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/2009/05/28/family-parent-child-interaction/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2009 04:39:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Vinna Caturinata</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Family]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Clinical Assessment]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com/?p=53</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Conducted : University of Indonesia, July 2007       Berikut adalah hasil dari pemeriksaan psikologis melalui wawancara, tes psikologis, dan konseling terhadap klien dan ibunya. Klien adalah remaja laki-laki berusia 15 tahun.   Ibu klien datang pada bulan Juli 2007  dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui minat dan bakat anaknya. Menurut ibunya, nilai anaknya menurun sejak di kelas [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vinnacaturinata.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7890930&amp;post=53&amp;subd=vinnacaturinata&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Conducted : University of Indonesia, July 2007</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-62" title="family_therapy" src="http://vinnacaturinata.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/family_therapy.jpg?w=477" alt="family_therapy"   /></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Berikut adalah hasil dari pemeriksaan psikologis melalui wawancara, tes psikologis, dan konseling terhadap klien dan ibunya. Klien adalah remaja laki-laki berusia 15 tahun.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ibu klien datang pada bulan Juli 2007  dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui minat dan bakat anaknya. Menurut ibunya, nilai anaknya menurun sejak di kelas 4 SD hingga SMP, meskipun anaknya itu sudah mengikuti bimbingan belajar. Klien adalah anak laki-laki tertua sehingga harus menjadi contoh bagi adik-adiknya dan dapat dibanggakan di mata saudara-saudaranya yang berprestasi. Orangtuanya ingin agar anaknya diterima di salah satu SMA yang telah menjadi targetnya dan bekerja seperti profesi suaminya.</p>
<p>Pembahasan kasus ini mengacu pada salah satu teori yang membahas mengenai terapi keluarga, yaitu <em>Experiential Family Therapy</em>. Dua tokoh utama <em>Experiential family Therapy</em> adalah Carl Whitaker dan Virginia Satir. Whitaker sangat menekankan pentingnya kedekatan keluarga dan komunikasi yang baik. Cara yang dianggap paling baik untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan individu dan keluarga adalah melepaskan atau mengekpresikan emosi. Keluarga dilihat sebagai wadah untuk berbagi pengalaman. Keluarga yang baik akan mendukung dan mendorong berbagai pengalaman, sebaliknya keluarga yang disfungsi justru menghambat responsifitas, dan bersikap terlalu melindungi.</p>
<p>Masalah dapat muncul karena kecenderungan untuk aktualisasi diri pada individu terhambat oleh tekanan dari keluarga atau masyarakat. Keluarga seringkali melakukan kontrol terhadap anak-anaknya untuk mencapai kedamaian dan ketenangan di dalam keluarga tersebut sehingga mengasingkan anak-anak dari pengalaman pribadi mereka. Pada situasi yang ideal, kontrol ini tidak berlebihan, dan anak dapat tumbuh dalam atmosfer yang mendukung perasaan dan kreativitasnya. Orangtua bersedia mendengarkan anak-anaknya dan menerima perasaan-perasaannya atau pengalaman-pengalaman anaknya.</p>
<p>Satir juga mengungkapkan bahwa fleksibilitas dan penyelesaian masalah yang konstruktif merupakan karakteristik keluarga yang sehat. Orangtua seharusnya menyadari bahwa suatu perubahan adalah hal yang dapat diterima dan dimanfaatkan secara kreatif.</p>
<p>Keluarga yang sehat menerima berbagai pengalaman anggota keluarganya. Hal ini memudahkan mereka untuk menjadi diri mereka masing-masing dan mengenali apa yang masing-masing individu butuhkan, serta dapat menerima orang lain seperti mereka menerima diri mereka masing-masing.</p>
<p>Keluarga yang disfungsional menjadi terhambat akibat proteksi diri yang berlebihan dan sikap menghindari masalah (<em>avoidance</em>). Mereka bersikap menghindar dengan tidak mengekspresikan emosi, memilih lebih banyak bertanya daripada mengungkapkan pendapat, dan mengalihkan topik pembicaraan.</p>
<p>Menurut Virginia Satir, terdapat empat pola komunikasi yang digunakan dalam menghadapi ancaman penolakan dari orang lain, yaitu :</p>
<ol>
<li><em>Placate</em> : menghindari kemarahan orang lain (tipe <em>yes man</em>)</li>
<li><em>Blame</em> : agar dianggap sebagai seseorang yang kuat, selalu mencari kesalahan orang lain (tipe <em>bossy</em>)</li>
<li><em>Compute</em> : menghadapi ancaman seolah-olah bukan sesuatu yang berbahaya, tampil sebagai intelek (tipe rasional)</li>
<li><em>Distract</em> : tidak mengacuhkan adanya ancaman, tidak berespon sesuai topik yang dibicarakan.</li>
</ol>
<p>Cara berinteraksi yang baik disebut <em>levelling/flowing </em>dimana individu sebaiknya dapat secara fleksibel menggunakan keempat pola komunikasi tersebut sesuai dengan tuntutan situasi.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Analisis Kasus</strong></p>
<p>Sejak klien kecil, orangtuanya kurang memberikan kasih sayang yang dibutuhkan oleh klien dan kurang mendukung berbagai pengalaman dan responsifitas anak-anaknya. Mereka tidak terlalu memperhatikan anak-anaknya dan justru menyerahkan tanggung jawab pengasuhan kepada pembantu. Orangtua klien lebih memfokuskan perhatian pada pemberian materi kepada anak-anaknya. Mereka juga bersikap terlalu melindungi sehingga aktualisasi diri klien menjadi terhambat oleh tekanan atau tuntutan-tuntutan orangtuanya. Karena khawatir akan masa depan anak-anaknya, ibu klien menuntutnya agar meraih prestasi yang sebaik mungkin dan senantiasa mengontrol perilaku klien agar dapat mencapai hal tersebut. Klien sering dimarahi untuk hal-hal kecil, sementara itu ayah klien tidak menunjukkan perhatian kepada anak-anaknya serta jarang berkomunikasi. Hal ini membuat klien menjadi takut untuk mengungkapkan keinginan dan perasaannya kepada orangtuanya.</p>
<p>Orangtua klien kurang memberikan waktu dan perhatian untuk mendengarkan pendapat klien, menerima perasaan-perasaan klien, dan mengakui pengalaman-pengalaman klien. Karena kesibukannya masing-masing, orang tua klien menjadi jarang mengajak anak-anaknya untuk mengobrol atau bertukar cerita. Hal ini kemudian membuat klien tumbuh menjadi anak yang cenderung menuruti keinginan orangtuanya dan tidak berani mengungkapkan pendapat ataupun perasaannya secara terbuka kepada orangtuanya. Perasaan-perasaan kecewa, merasa diabaikan, dan kesepian ketika masih kecil pun akhirnya tidak dapat terungkapkan dan klien akhirnya lebih sering menyangkal atau menyimpan perasaan-perasaan tersebut.</p>
<p>Pengungkapan perhatian dan kasih sayang yang kurang secara bebas diberikan dan didapatkan, membuat klien terkadang merasa tidak dicintai. Ayah klien terlihat kurang peduli dan kurang ingin terlibat dengan anak-anaknya. Pengungkapan emosi ayah klien kepada anak-anaknya pun kurang terbuka karena ia lebih sering menggunakan komunikasi yang kaku dan terbatas. Misalnya jika ayahnya sudah melotot, biasanya klien langsung menyadari bahwa ia telah melakukan sesuatu yang salah.</p>
<p>Sementara di sisi lain, pengungkapan kasih sayang dan perhatian yang ditunjukkan oleh ibu klien juga lebih mengarah pada sikap <em>overprotective</em> dengan terlalu melindungi dan mengontrol klien secara berlebihan terlihat dari seringnya ibunya marah-marah hampir setiap hari karena hal-hal kecil, misalnya terdapat coretan gambar-gambar komik di bukunya atau menumpahkan air minum. Ibunya juga terkadang membanding-bandingkan klien dengan adiknya.</p>
<p>Karena orangtua klien belum menerima dan menghargai pengalaman-pengalaman klien, maka sulit bagi klien untuk menjadi dirinya sendiri dan mengenali apa yang ia butuhkan. Klien kurang mendapatkan kebebasan untuk menjadi dirinya sendiri dan mengeksplorasi serta membedakan apa yang menjadi keinginan klien dengan keinginan orangtuanya. Dalam lingkungan sosialnya pun, klien akhirnya tumbuh menjadi anak yang kurang asertif dalam mengutarakan pendapat ataupun mengungkapkan emosinya. Ia juga menjadi orang yang agak menutup diri, mudah menyerah dan kurang bersemangat dalam mencapai keinginan dan ambisinya. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena kontrol yang berlebihan dan dominasi yang besar dari orangtua, terutama ibu, sehingga menghambat spontanitas dan kreativitas dalam diri klien.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Saran Praktis</strong></p>
<p>Hal-hal yang dapat dilakukan oleh seorang Psikolog untuk mengatasi hal di atas diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:</p>
<ul>
<li>Mengurangi kecemasan ibu klien yang berlebihan dengan memberikan psikoedukasi mengenai perkembangan remaja sehingga ibunya mengetahui bahwa apa yang terjadi pada diri anaknya adalah sesuatu yang wajar.</li>
<li>Mengarahkan orangtua klien untuk memahami perasaan serta keinginan anaknya. Sebaiknya orangtua klien secara berkelanjutan terus berinteraksi dengan anak-anaknya, misalnya dengan mengobrol hal-hal pribadi selain sekolah dan lebih mendalam mengenai perasaan dan keinginan anaknya.</li>
<li>Terapi keluarga untuk menyatukan satu keluarga ke dalam suatu proses interaksi yang saling berusaha untuk memahami dan menghargai keinginan dan perasaan satu dengan lainnya. Di dalam terapi juga dapat dilakukan latihan asertivitas untuk klien.</li>
<li>Membantu klien untuk menggali lebih dalam mengenai rencana masa depan melalui konseling tanpa intervensi secara berlebihan dari orangtuanya. Psikolog juga dapat memberikan informasi kepada klien dan ibunya mengenai pilihan sekolah atau perguruan tinggi yang lain.</li>
</ul>
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